Non-perturbative transitions in the island formula: A finite- ,[object Object], resolution of the page curve kink
Snigdha Saha (Independent resarcher, Bangladesh)
The island formula, derived from replica wormhole saddles in the gravitational path integral, successfully reproduces the unitary Page curve for black hole radiation entropy in the large- N (large central charge) limit. However, the resulting entropy profile contains an unphysical sharp kink at the Page time t Page—a mathematical artefact of the min operation that dominates in that limit. Any finite quantum system must exhibit a smooth, analytic transition. In this paper we work within Jackiw–Teitelboim (JT) gravity coupled to a holographic CFT bath and derive systematically the leading finite- N correction to the radiation entropy, originating from non-perturbative interference between the Hawking and replica wormhole saddles. Using a soft-mode resummation of the gravitational path integral we show that these corrections replace the sharp kink with a log-sum-exp interpolation controlled by 1/ N. We further study an interference term arising when both saddles contribute at comparable weight, providing the first analytic description of a smooth cross-over in the island formula. Our predictions are confirmed by a random-unitary-circuit simulation of an n-qubit Page transition and by direct numerical evaluation of the partition function in a matrix-model truncation of JT gravity. The results imply that information begins to leak gradually from the black hole interior long before t Page, consistent with unitarity but without invoking a firewall.