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  "authors": [
    {
      "raw_name": "Sakamoto, Makoto", 
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          "country": "Japan", 
          "value": "Department of Physics, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan"
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      "surname": "Sakamoto", 
      "given_names": "Makoto", 
      "full_name": "Sakamoto, Makoto"
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    {
      "raw_name": "Takenaga, Kazunori", 
      "affiliations": [
        {
          "country": "Japan", 
          "value": "Faculty of Health Science, Kumamoto Health Science University, Izumi-machi, Kita-ku, Kumamoto 861-5598, Japan"
        }
      ], 
      "surname": "Takenaga", 
      "given_names": "Kazunori", 
      "full_name": "Takenaga, Kazunori"
    }
  ], 
  "titles": [
    {
      "source": "Oxford University Press/Physical Society of Japan", 
      "title": "Polyakov loop in a non-covariant operator formalism"
    }
  ], 
  "dois": [
    {
      "value": "10.1093/ptep/ptx026"
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  "publication_info": [
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      "journal_title": "Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics", 
      "page_start": "043B02", 
      "material": "article", 
      "journal_issue": "4", 
      "year": 2017
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    {
      "statement": "\u00a9 The Author(s) 2017", 
      "year": "2017"
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  "control_number": "19623", 
  "record_creation_date": "2017-04-05T00:00:00", 
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  "abstracts": [
    {
      "source": "Oxford University Press/Physical Society of Japan", 
      "value": "We discuss a Polyakov loop in a non-covariant operator formalism that consists of only physical degrees of freedom at finite temperature. It is pointed out that although the Polyakov loop is expressed by a Euclidean time component of gauge fields in a covariant path integral formalism, there is no direct counterpart of the Polyakov loop operator in the operator formalism because the Euclidean time component of gauge fields is not a physical degree of freedom. We show that by starting with an operator that is constructed in terms of only physical operators in the non-covariant operator formalism, the vacuum expectation value of the operator calculated by the trace formula can be rewritten into the familiar form of an expectation value of the Polyakov loop in a covariant path integral formalism at finite temperature for the cases of the axial and Coulomb gauge."
    }
  ], 
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