Direct measurement of the muonic content of extensive air showers between $$\mathbf { 2\times 10^{17}}$$ 2×1017 and $$\mathbf {2\times 10^{18}}~$$ 2×1018 eV at the Pierre Auger Observatory

Aab, A.; Abreu, P.; Aglietta, M.; Albury, J.; Allekotte, I.; Almela, A.; Alvarez Castillo, J.; Alvarez-Muñiz, J.; Anastasi, G.; Anchordoqui, L.; Andrada, B.; Andringa, S.; Aramo, C.; Araújo Ferreira, P.; Asorey, H.; Assis, P.; Avila, G.; Badescu, A.; Bakalova, A.; Balaceanu, A.; Barbato, F.; Barreira Luz, R.; Becker, K.; Bellido, J.; Berat, C.; Bertaina, M.; Bertou, X.; Biermann, P.; Bister, T.; Biteau, J.; Blanco, A.; Blazek, J.; Bleve, C.; Boháčová, M.; Boncioli, D.; Bonifazi, C.; Bonneau Arbeletche, L.; Borodai, N.; Botti, A.; Brack, J.; Bretz, T.; Briechle, F.; Buchholz, P.; Bueno, A.; Buitink, S.; Buscemi, M.; Caballero-Mora, K.; Caccianiga, L.; Calcagni, L.; Cancio, A.; Canfora, F.; Caracas, I.; Carceller, J.; Caruso, R.; Castellina, A.; Catalani, F.; Cataldi, G.; Cazon, L.; Cerda, M.; Chinellato, J.; Choi, K.; Chudoba, J.; Chytka, L.; Clay, R.; Cobos Cerutti, A.; Colalillo, R.; Coleman, A.; Coluccia, M.; Conceição, R.; Condorelli, A.; Consolati, G.; Contreras, F.; Convenga, F.; Covault, C.; Dasso, S.; Daumiller, K.; Dawson, B.; Day, J.; de Almeida, R.; de Jesús, J.; de Jong, S.; De Mauro, G.; de Mello Neto, J.; De Mitri, I.; de Oliveira, J.; de Oliveira Franco, D.; de Souza, V.; Debatin, J.; del Río, M.; Deligny, O.; Dhital, N.; Di Matteo, A.; Díaz Castro, M.; Dobrigkeit, C.; D’Olivo, J.; Dorosti, Q.; dos Anjos, R.; Dova, M.; Ebr, J.; Engel, R.; Epicoco, I.; Erdmann, M.; Escobar, C.; Etchegoyen, A.; Falcke, H.; Farmer, J.; Farrar, G.; Fauth, A.; Fazzini, N.; Feldbusch, F.; Fenu, F.; Fick, B.; Figueira, J.; Filipčič, A.; Freire, M.; Fujii, T.; Fuster, A.; Galea, C.; Galelli, C.; García, B.; Garcia Vegas, A.; Gemmeke, H.; Gesualdi, F.; Gherghel-Lascu, A.; Ghia, P.; Giaccari, U.; Giammarchi, M.; Giller, M.; Glombitza, J.; Gobbi, F.; Golup, G.; Gómez Berisso, M.; Gómez Vitale, P.; Gongora, J.; González, N.; Goos, I.; Góra, D.; Gorgi, A.; Gottowik, M.; Grubb, T.; Guarino, F.; Guedes, G.; Guido, E.; Hahn, S.; Halliday, R.; Hampel, M.; Hansen, P.; Harari, D.; Harvey, V.; Haungs, A.; Hebbeker, T.; Heck, D.; Hill, G.; Hojvat, C.; Hörandel, J.; Horvath, P.; Hrabovský, M.; Huege, T.; Hulsman, J.; Insolia, A.; Isar, P.; Johnsen, J.; Jurysek, J.; Kääpä, A.; Kampert, K.; Keilhauer, B.; Kemp, J.; Klages, H.; Kleifges, M.; Kleinfeller, J.; Köpke, M.; Kukec Mezek, G.; Lago, B.; LaHurd, D.; Lang, R.; Leigui de Oliveira, M.; Lenok, V.; Letessier-Selvon, A.; Lhenry-Yvon, I.; Lo Presti, D.; Lopes, L.; López, R.; López Casado, A.; Lorek, R.; Luce, Q.; Lucero, A.; Machado Payeras, A.; Malacari, M.; Mancarella, G.; Mandat, D.; Manning, B.; Manshanden, J.; Mantsch, P.; Mariazzi, A.; Mariş, I.; Marsella, G.; Martello, D.; Martinez, H.; Martínez Bravo, O.; Mastrodicasa, M.; Mathes, H.; Matthews, J.; Matthiae, G.; Mayotte, E.; Mazur, P.; Medina-Tanco, G.; Melo, D.; Menshikov, A.; Merenda, K.D.; Michal, S.; Micheletti, M.; Miramonti, L.; Mockler, D.; Mollerach, S.; Montanet, F.; Morello, C.; Mostafá, M.; Müller, A.; Muller, M.; Müller, S.; Mussa, R.; Muzio, M.; Namasaka, W.; Nellen, L.; Niculescu-Oglinzanu, M.; Niechciol, M.; Nitz, D.; Nosek, D.; Novotny, V.; Nožka, L.; Nucita, A; Núñez, L.; Palatka, M.; Pallotta, J.; Panetta, M.; Papenbreer, P.; Parente, G.; Parra, A.; Pech, M.; Pedreira, F.; Pȩkala, J.; Pelayo, R.; Peña-Rodriguez, J.; Perez Armand, J.; Perlin, M.; Perrone, L.; Peters, C.; Petrera, S.; Pierog, T.; Pimenta, M.; Pirronello, V.; Platino, M.; Pont, B.; Pothast, M.; Privitera, P.; Prouza, M.; Puyleart, A.; Querchfeld, S.; Rautenberg, J.; Ravignani, D.; Reininghaus, M.; Ridky, J.; Riehn, F.; Risse, M.; Ristori, P.; Rizi, V.; Rodrigues de Carvalho, W.; Rodriguez Rojo, J.; Roncoroni, M.; Roth, M.; Roulet, E.; Rovero, A.; Ruehl, P.; Saffi, S.; Saftoiu, A.; Salamida, F.; Salazar, H.; Salina, G.; Sanabria Gomez, J.; Sánchez, F.; Santos, E.; Santos, E.; Sarazin, F.; Sarmento, R.; Sarmiento-Cano, C.; Sato, R.; Savina, P.; Schäfer, C.; Scherini, V.; Schieler, H.; Schimassek, M.; Schimp, M.; Schlüter, F.; Schmidt, D.; Scholten, O.; Schovánek, P.; Schröder, F.; Schröder, S.; Sciutto, S.; Scornavacche, M.; Shellard, R.; Sigl, G.; Silli, G.; Sima, O.; Šmída, R.; Sommers, P.; Soriano, J.; Souchard, J.; Squartini, R.; Stadelmaier, M.; Stanca, D.; Stanič, S.; Stasielak, J.; Stassi, P.; Streich, A.; Suárez-Durán, M.; Sudholz, T.; Suomijärvi, T.; Supanitsky, A.; Šupík, J.; Szadkowski, Z.; Taboada, A.; Taborda, O.; Tapia, A.; Timmermans, C.; Tobiska, P.; Todero Peixoto, C.; Tomé, B.; Torralba Elipe, G.; Travaini, A.; Travnicek, P.; Trimarelli, C.; Trini, M.; Tueros, M.; Ulrich, R.; Unger, M.; Urban, M.; Vaclavek, L.; Valdés Galicia, J.; Valiño, I.; Valore, L.; van Vliet, A.; Varela, E.; Vargas Cárdenas, B.; Vásquez-Ramírez, A.; Veberič, D.; Ventura, C.; Vergara Quispe, I.; Verzi, V.; Vicha, J.; Villaseñor, L.; Vink, J.; Vorobiov, S.; Wahlberg, H.; Watson, A.; Weber, M.; Weindl, A.; Wiencke, L.; Wilczyński, H.; Winchen, T.; Wirtz, M.; Wittkowski, D.; Wundheiler, B.; Yushkov, A.; Zapparrata, O.; Zas, E.; Zavrtanik, D.; Zavrtanik, M.; Zehrer, L.; Zepeda, A.; Ziolkowski, M.; Zuccarello, F.
doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-8055-y
Direct measurement of the muonic content of extensive air showers between $$\mathbf { 2\times 10^{17}}$$ $2 \times 10^{17}$ and $$\mathbf {2\times 10^{18}}~$$ $2 \times 10^{18}$ eV at the Pierre Auger Observatory

A. Aab (IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands) ; P. Abreu (Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas – LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico – IST, Universidade de Lisboa – UL, Lisbon, Portugal) ; M. Aglietta (INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy; Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Torino, Italy) ; J. Albury (University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia) ; I. Allekotte (Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina) ; et al. - Show all 372 authors
The hybrid design of the Pierre Auger Observatory allows for the measurement of the properties of extensive air showers initiated by ultra-high energy cosmic rays with unprecedented precision. By using an array of prototype underground muon detectors, we have performed the first direct measurement, by the Auger Collaboration, of the muon content of air showers between $$2\times 10^{17}$$ $2 \times 10^{17}$ and $$2\times 10^{18}$$ $2 \times 10^{18}$ eV. We have studied the energy evolution of the attenuation-corrected muon density, and compared it to predictions from air shower simulations. The observed densities are found to be larger than those predicted by models. We quantify this discrepancy by combining the measurements from the muon detector with those from the Auger fluorescence detector at $$10^{{17.5}}\, {\mathrm{eV}} $$ $10^{17.5} eV$ and $$10^{{18}}\, {\mathrm{eV}} $$ $10^{18} eV$ . We find that, for the models to explain the data, an increase in the muon density of $$38\%$$ $38 %$ $$\pm 4\% (12\%)$$ $\pm 4 % (12 %)$ $$\pm {}^{21\%}_{18\%}$$ $\pm_{18 %}^{21 %}$ for EPOS-LHC, and of $$50\% (53\%)$$ $50 % (53 %)$ $$\pm 4\% (13\%)$$ $\pm 4 % (13 %)$ $$\pm {}^{23\%}_{20\%}$$ $\pm_{20 %}^{23 %}$ for QGSJetII-04, is respectively needed.
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      "full_name": "Boh\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1, M."
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    {
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    {
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        {
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    {
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        {
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        {
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    {
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        {
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          "value": "Universit\u00e4t Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik \u2013 Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany", 
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        {
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    {
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        {
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    {
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        {
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    {
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        {
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    {
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        {
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          "value": "Instituto de Tecnolog\u00edas en Detecci\u00f3n y Astropart\u00edculas (CNEA, CONICET UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina", 
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        {
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    {
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        {
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        {
          "country": "Netherlands", 
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    {
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        {
          "country": "Germany", 
          "value": "Department of Physics, Bergische Universit\u00e4t Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany", 
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    {
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        {
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    {
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        {
          "country": "Italy", 
          "value": "INFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy", 
          "organization": "Sezione di Catania"
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        {
          "country": "Italy", 
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    {
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        {
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          "value": "INFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy", 
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        {
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    {
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        {
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    {
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        {
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          "value": "Laborat\u00f3rio de Instrumenta\u00e7\u00e3o e F\u00edsica Experimental de Part\u00edculas \u2013 LIP and Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico \u2013 IST, Universidade de Lisboa \u2013 UL, Lisbon, Portugal", 
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    {
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        {
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          "value": "Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malarg\u00fce, Argentina", 
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    {
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        {
          "country": "Brazil", 
          "value": "Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, Brazil", 
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      "full_name": "Chinellato, J."
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    {
      "affiliations": [
        {
          "country": "Belgium", 
          "value": "Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium", 
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    {
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        {
          "country": "Czech Republic", 
          "value": "Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic", 
          "organization": "Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences"
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      "full_name": "Chudoba, J."
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    {
      "affiliations": [
        {
          "country": "Czech Republic", 
          "value": "Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic", 
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    {
      "affiliations": [
        {
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    {
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        {
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          "value": "Instituto de Tecnolog\u00edas en Detecci\u00f3n y Astropart\u00edculas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM) and Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica Nacional \u2013 Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina", 
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        {
          "country": "Italy", 
          "value": "Dipartimento di Fisica \u201cEttore Pancini\u201d, Universit\u00e0 di Napoli \u201cFederico II\u201d, Napoli, Italy", 
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    {
      "affiliations": [
        {
          "country": "USA", 
          "value": "University of Delaware, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, DE, USA", 
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    {
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        {
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          "value": "INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy", 
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        {
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          "value": "Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica \u201cE. De Giorgi\u201d, Universit\u00e0 del Salento, Lecce, Italy", 
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    {
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        {
          "country": "Portugal", 
          "value": "Laborat\u00f3rio de Instrumenta\u00e7\u00e3o e F\u00edsica Experimental de Part\u00edculas \u2013 LIP and Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico \u2013 IST, Universidade de Lisboa \u2013 UL, Lisbon, Portugal", 
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    {
      "affiliations": [
        {
          "country": "Italy", 
          "value": "Gran Sasso Science Institute, L\u2019Aquila, Italy", 
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          "value": "INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi, L\u2019Aquila, Italy", 
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          "country": "Italy", 
          "value": "INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy", 
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    {
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          "value": "Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malarg\u00fce, Argentina", 
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        {
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          "value": "INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy", 
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        {
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          "value": "Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica \u201cE. De Giorgi\u201d, Universit\u00e0 del Salento, Lecce, Italy", 
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          "value": "Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA", 
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      "full_name": "Covault, C."
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    {
      "affiliations": [
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          "value": "Departamento de F\u00edsica and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atm\u00f3sfera y los Oc\u00e9anos, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina", 
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          "country": "Argentina", 
          "value": "Instituto de Astronom\u00eda y F\u00edsica del Espacio (IAFE CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina", 
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    {
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        {
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          "value": "Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut f\u00fcr Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany", 
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      "full_name": "Daumiller, K."
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          "country": "Australia", 
          "value": "University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia", 
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      "full_name": "Day, J."
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      "affiliations": [
        {
          "country": "Brazil", 
          "value": "Universidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, RJ, Brazil", 
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      "surname": "de Almeida", 
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    {
      "affiliations": [
        {
          "country": "Argentina", 
          "value": "Instituto de Tecnolog\u00edas en Detecci\u00f3n y Astropart\u00edculas (CNEA, CONICET UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina", 
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        {
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          "value": "IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands", 
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        {
          "country": "Netherlands", 
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          "value": "IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands", 
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        {
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          "value": "Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de F\u00edsica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil", 
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          "country": "Brazil", 
          "value": "Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Observat\u00f3rio do Valongo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil", 
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      "full_name": "de Mello Neto, J."
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    {
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        {
          "country": "Italy", 
          "value": "Gran Sasso Science Institute, L\u2019Aquila, Italy", 
          "organization": "Gran Sasso Science Institute"
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        {
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          "value": "INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi, L\u2019Aquila, Italy", 
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      "given_names": "I.", 
      "full_name": "De Mitri, I."
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    {
      "affiliations": [
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          "country": "Brazil", 
          "value": "Universidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, RJ, Brazil", 
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      "full_name": "de Oliveira, J."
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      "affiliations": [
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          "country": "Brazil", 
          "value": "Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, Brazil", 
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      "surname": "de Oliveira Franco", 
      "given_names": "D.", 
      "full_name": "de Oliveira Franco, D."
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    {
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    {
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          "value": "Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe, Germany", 
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          "value": "Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, Brazil", 
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        {
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          "value": "Universit\u00e4t Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik \u2013 Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany", 
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          "value": "Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1, Setor Palotina, Palotina, Brazil", 
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          "value": "IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina", 
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    {
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        {
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          "value": "Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic", 
          "organization": "Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences"
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    {
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        {
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          "value": "Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe, Germany", 
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        {
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          "value": "Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica \u201cE. De Giorgi\u201d, Universit\u00e0 del Salento, Lecce, Italy", 
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    {
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          "country": "Netherlands", 
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    {
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    {
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        {
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          "value": "Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut f\u00fcr Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany", 
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    {
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          "value": "Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA", 
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    {
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          "value": "Faculty of Astrophysics, University of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland", 
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          "value": "Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malarg\u00fce, Argentina", 
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    {
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        {
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          "value": "Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut f\u00fcr Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany", 
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          "value": "Instituto Galego de F\u00edsica de Altas Enerx\u00edas (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain", 
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          "value": "Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut f\u00fcr Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany", 
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          "value": "Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut f\u00fcr Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany", 
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          "value": "INFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, Italy", 
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          "value": "Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, Grenoble, 38000, France", 
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      "given_names": "C.", 
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          "value": "Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA", 
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        {
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          "value": "Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe, Germany", 
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    {
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        {
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          "value": "Department of Physics, Bergische Universit\u00e4t Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany", 
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        {
          "country": "Germany", 
          "value": "Universit\u00e4t Siegen, Fachbereich 7 Physik \u2013 Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, Germany", 
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          "value": "Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic", 
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          "value": "Centro de Investigaciones en L\u00e1seres y Aplicaciones, CITEDEF and CONICET, Villa Martelli, Argentina", 
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        {
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          "value": "Department of Physics, Bergische Universit\u00e4t Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany", 
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          "value": "Instituto Galego de F\u00edsica de Altas Enerx\u00edas (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain", 
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          "country": "Mexico", 
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          "value": "Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia", 
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          "country": "Brazil", 
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          "value": "Instituto de Tecnolog\u00edas en Detecci\u00f3n y Astropart\u00edculas (CNEA, CONICET UNSAM), Buenos Aires, Argentina", 
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          "value": "INFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, Italy", 
          "organization": "Sezione di Lecce"
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          "value": "Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica \u201cE. De Giorgi\u201d, Universit\u00e0 del Salento, Lecce, Italy", 
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        {
          "country": "Germany", 
          "value": "RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany", 
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    {
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          "value": "Gran Sasso Science Institute, L\u2019Aquila, Italy", 
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          "value": "INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi, L\u2019Aquila, Italy", 
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          "value": "Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut f\u00fcr Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany", 
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        {
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          "value": "Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universit\u00e0 di Catania, Catania, Italy", 
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    {
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        {
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    {
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        {
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        {
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        {
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          "value": "Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, Grenoble, 38000, France", 
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    {
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        {
          "country": "France", 
          "value": "Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, France", 
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      "affiliations": [
        {
          "country": "Argentina", 
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        {
          "country": "Czech Republic", 
          "value": "Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic", 
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      "affiliations": [
        {
          "country": "Poland", 
          "value": "Faculty of High-Energy Astrophysics, University of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, Poland", 
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        {
          "country": "Germany", 
          "value": "Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe, Germany", 
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        {
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    {
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        {
          "country": "Colombia", 
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    {
      "affiliations": [
        {
          "country": "Czech Republic", 
          "value": "Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic", 
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    {
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        {
          "country": "Portugal", 
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    {
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        {
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          "value": "Instituto Galego de F\u00edsica de Altas Enerx\u00edas (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain", 
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        {
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          "value": "Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico", 
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          "value": "Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico, D.F., Mexico", 
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    {
      "affiliations": [
        {
          "country": "Mexico", 
          "value": "Benem\u00e9rita Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico", 
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    {
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          "value": "Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institut f\u00fcr Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany", 
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  "titles": [
    {
      "source": "Springer", 
      "title": "Direct measurement of the muonic content of extensive air showers between $$\\mathbf { 2\\times 10^{17}}$$ <math><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>\u00d7</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>17</mn></msup></mrow></math>  and $$\\mathbf {2\\times 10^{18}}~$$ <math><mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>\u00d7</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>18</mn></msup></mrow><mspace width=\"3.33333pt\"></mspace></mrow></math> eV at the Pierre Auger Observatory"
    }
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  "dois": [
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      "value": "10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-8055-y"
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  ], 
  "publication_info": [
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      "page_end": "19", 
      "journal_title": "European Physical Journal C", 
      "material": "article", 
      "journal_volume": "80", 
      "artid": "s10052-020-8055-y", 
      "year": 2020, 
      "page_start": "1", 
      "journal_issue": "8"
    }
  ], 
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  "acquisition_source": {
    "date": "2020-10-02T20:31:39.154749", 
    "source": "Springer", 
    "method": "Springer", 
    "submission_number": "47b309a004dd11ebbd0e02163e01809a"
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  "page_nr": [
    19
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  "license": [
    {
      "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses//by/4.0", 
      "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
    }
  ], 
  "copyright": [
    {
      "holder": "The Author(s)", 
      "year": "2020"
    }
  ], 
  "control_number": "56382", 
  "record_creation_date": "2020-08-18T17:30:28.814588", 
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  "collections": [
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      "primary": "European Physical Journal C"
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  ], 
  "abstracts": [
    {
      "source": "Springer", 
      "value": "The hybrid design of the Pierre Auger Observatory allows for the measurement of the properties of extensive air showers initiated by ultra-high energy cosmic rays with unprecedented precision. By using an array of prototype underground muon detectors, we have performed the first direct measurement, by the Auger Collaboration, of the muon content of air showers between $$2\\times 10^{17}$$ <math><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>\u00d7</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>17</mn></msup></mrow></math>  and $$2\\times 10^{18}$$ <math><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>\u00d7</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>18</mn></msup></mrow></math>  eV. We have studied the energy evolution of the attenuation-corrected muon density, and compared it to predictions from air shower simulations. The observed densities are found to be larger than those predicted by models. We quantify this discrepancy by combining the measurements from the muon detector with those from the Auger fluorescence detector at $$10^{{17.5}}\\, {\\mathrm{eV}} $$ <math><mrow><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mn>17.5</mn></mrow></msup><mspace width=\"0.166667em\"></mspace><mi>eV</mi></mrow></math>  and $$10^{{18}}\\, {\\mathrm{eV}} $$ <math><mrow><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>18</mn></msup><mspace width=\"0.166667em\"></mspace><mi>eV</mi></mrow></math> . We find that, for the models to explain the data, an increase in the muon density of $$38\\%$$ <math><mrow><mn>38</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></math>  $$\\pm 4\\% (12\\%)$$ <math><mrow><mo>\u00b1</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>%</mo><mo>(</mo><mn>12</mn><mo>%</mo><mo>)</mo></mrow></math>  $$\\pm {}^{21\\%}_{18\\%}$$ <math><mrow><mo>\u00b1</mo><msubsup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>18</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow><mrow><mn>21</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math>  for EPOS-LHC, and of $$50\\% (53\\%)$$ <math><mrow><mn>50</mn><mo>%</mo><mo>(</mo><mn>53</mn><mo>%</mo><mo>)</mo></mrow></math>  $$\\pm 4\\% (13\\%)$$ <math><mrow><mo>\u00b1</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>%</mo><mo>(</mo><mn>13</mn><mo>%</mo><mo>)</mo></mrow></math>  $$\\pm {}^{23\\%}_{20\\%}$$ <math><mrow><mo>\u00b1</mo><msubsup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>20</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow><mrow><mn>23</mn><mo>%</mo></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math>  for QGSJetII-04, is respectively needed."
    }
  ], 
  "imprints": [
    {
      "date": "2020-08-18", 
      "publisher": "Springer"
    }
  ]
}
Published on:: 18 August 2020
Publisher:: Springer
Published in:: European Physical Journal C , Volume 80 (2020)
Issue 8
Pages 1-19
DOI:: https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-8055-y
Copyrights:: The Author(s)
Licence:: CC-BY-4.0
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