Gapped dilatons in scale invariant superfluids
Riccardo Argurio (Physique Théorique et Mathématique and International Solvay Institutes, Université Libre de Bruxelles, C.P. 231, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium); Carlos Hoyos (Department of Physics and Instituto de Ciencias y Tecnologías Espaciales de Asturias (ICTEA), Universidad de Oviedo, c/ Federico García Lorca 18, E-33007 Oviedo, Spain); Daniele Musso (Departamento de Física de Partículas and Instituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain Inovalabs Digital S.L. (TECHEYE), E-36202 Vigo, Spain); Daniel Naegels (Physique Théorique et Mathématique and International Solvay Institutes, Université Libre de Bruxelles, C.P. 231, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium)
We study a paradigmatic model in field theory where a global and scale symmetries are jointly and spontaneously broken. At zero density the model has a noncompact flat direction, which at finite density needs to be slightly lifted. The resulting low-energy spectrum is composed by a standard gapless Nambu-Goldstone mode and a light dilaton whose gap is determined by the chemical potential and corrected by the couplings. Even though and scale symmetries commute, there is a mixing between the Nambu-Goldstone and the dilaton that is crucial to recover the expected dynamics of a conformal fluid and leads to a phonon propagating at the speed of sound. The results rely solely on an accurate study of the Ward-Takahashi identities and are checked against standard fluctuation computations. We extend our results to a boosted superfluid, and comment the relevance of our findings to condensed matter applications.