The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) radioactivity and cleanliness control programs

D. Akerib (SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025-7015, USA; Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-4085, USA) ; C. Akerlof (Randall Laboratory of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1040, USA) ; D. Akimov (National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (NRNU MEPhI), Moscow, 115409, Russia) ; A. Alquahtani (Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912-9037, USA) ; S. Alsum (Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706-1390, USA) ; et al. - Show all 390 authors

LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) is a second-generation direct dark matter experiment with spin-independent WIMP-nucleon scattering sensitivity above $${1.4 \times 10^{-48}}\, {\hbox {cm}}^{2}$$ 1.4 × 10 - 48 cm 2 for a WIMP mass of $${40}\, \hbox {GeV}/{\hbox {c}}^{2}$$ 40 GeV / c 2 and a $${1000}\, \hbox {days}$$ 1000 days exposure. LZ achieves this sensitivity through a combination of a large $${5.6}\, \hbox {t}$$ 5.6 t fiducial volume, active inner and outer veto systems, and radio-pure construction using materials with inherently low radioactivity content. The LZ collaboration performed an extensive radioassay campaign over a period of six years to inform material selection for construction and provide an input to the experimental background model against which any possible signal excess may be evaluated. The campaign and its results are described in this paper. We present assays of dust and radon daughters depositing on the surface of components as well as cleanliness controls necessary to maintain background expectations through detector construction and assembly. Finally, examples from the campaign to highlight fixed contaminant radioassays for the LZ photomultiplier tubes, quality control and quality assurance procedures through fabrication, radon emanation measurements of major sub-systems, and bespoke detector systems to assay scintillator are presented.

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        {
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        {
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    {
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          "value": "H.H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TL, UK", 
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        {
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        {
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      "given_names": "J.", 
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    {
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        {
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          "value": "Laborat\u00f3rio de Instrumenta\u00e7\u00e3o e F\u00edsica Experimental de Part\u00edculas (LIP), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004 516, Portugal", 
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        {
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        {
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      "given_names": "M.", 
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        {
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        {
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        {
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        {
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    {
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        {
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          "value": "Randall Laboratory of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1040, USA", 
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    {
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        {
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        {
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        {
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    {
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        {
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    {
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        {
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        {
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        {
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        {
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    {
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        {
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        {
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          "value": "Laborat\u00f3rio de Instrumenta\u00e7\u00e3o e F\u00edsica Experimental de Part\u00edculas (LIP), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004 516, Portugal", 
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          "value": "Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627-0171, USA", 
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    {
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        {
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          "value": "Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706-1390, USA", 
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      "given_names": "R.", 
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    {
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          "value": "South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, 57701-3901, USA", 
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    {
      "affiliations": [
        {
          "country": "USA", 
          "value": "Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9530, USA", 
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    {
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        {
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          "value": "Laborat\u00f3rio de Instrumenta\u00e7\u00e3o e F\u00edsica Experimental de Part\u00edculas (LIP), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004 516, Portugal", 
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    {
      "affiliations": [
        {
          "country": "USA", 
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    {
      "affiliations": [
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    {
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        {
          "country": "USA", 
          "value": "Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616-5270, USA", 
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    {
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        {
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      "given_names": "N.", 
      "full_name": "Stern, N."
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        {
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          "value": "Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), Upton, NY, 11973-5000, USA", 
          "organization": "Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL)"
        }
      ], 
      "surname": "Yeh", 
      "given_names": "M.", 
      "full_name": "Yeh, M."
    }, 
    {
      "affiliations": [
        {
          "country": "USA", 
          "value": "Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627-0171, USA", 
          "organization": "University of Rochester"
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      ], 
      "surname": "Yin", 
      "given_names": "J.", 
      "full_name": "Yin, J."
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    {
      "affiliations": [
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          "country": "USA", 
          "value": "Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL, 60510-5011, USA", 
          "organization": "Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL)"
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      ], 
      "surname": "Young", 
      "given_names": "I.", 
      "full_name": "Young, I."
    }, 
    {
      "affiliations": [
        {
          "country": "UK", 
          "value": "Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, 57069-2307, UK", 
          "organization": "University of South Dakota"
        }
      ], 
      "surname": "Zhang", 
      "given_names": "C.", 
      "full_name": "Zhang, C."
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    {
      "affiliations": [
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          "country": "USA", 
          "value": "Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 34587-0324, USA", 
          "organization": "University of Alabama"
        }
      ], 
      "surname": "Zarzhitsky", 
      "given_names": "P.", 
      "full_name": "Zarzhitsky, P."
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  "titles": [
    {
      "source": "Springer", 
      "title": "The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) radioactivity and cleanliness control programs"
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      "year": 2020, 
      "page_start": "1", 
      "journal_issue": "11"
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      "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
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      "holder": "The Author(s)", 
      "year": "2020"
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  "abstracts": [
    {
      "source": "Springer", 
      "value": "LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) is a second-generation direct dark matter experiment with spin-independent WIMP-nucleon scattering sensitivity above  $${1.4 \\times 10^{-48}}\\, {\\hbox {cm}}^{2}$$  <math> <mrow> <mrow> <mn>1.4</mn> <mo>\u00d7</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>48</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mspace width=\"0.166667em\"></mspace> <msup> <mrow> <mtext>cm</mtext> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> </math>   for a WIMP mass of  $${40}\\, \\hbox {GeV}/{\\hbox {c}}^{2}$$  <math> <mrow> <mn>40</mn> <mspace width=\"0.166667em\"></mspace> <mtext>GeV</mtext> <mo>/</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mtext>c</mtext> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> </math>   and a  $${1000}\\, \\hbox {days}$$  <math> <mrow> <mn>1000</mn> <mspace width=\"0.166667em\"></mspace> <mtext>days</mtext> </mrow> </math>   exposure. LZ achieves this sensitivity through a combination of a large  $${5.6}\\, \\hbox {t}$$  <math> <mrow> <mrow> <mn>5.6</mn> </mrow> <mspace width=\"0.166667em\"></mspace> <mtext>t</mtext> </mrow> </math>   fiducial volume, active inner and outer veto systems, and radio-pure construction using materials with inherently low radioactivity content. The LZ collaboration performed an extensive radioassay campaign over a period of six years to inform material selection for construction and provide an input to the experimental background model against which any possible signal excess may be evaluated. The campaign and its results are described in this paper. We present assays of dust and radon daughters depositing on the surface of components as well as cleanliness controls necessary to maintain background expectations through detector construction and assembly. Finally, examples from the campaign to highlight fixed contaminant radioassays for the LZ photomultiplier tubes, quality control and quality assurance procedures through fabrication, radon emanation measurements of major sub-systems, and bespoke detector systems to assay scintillator are presented."
    }
  ], 
  "imprints": [
    {
      "date": "2020-11-10", 
      "publisher": "Springer"
    }
  ]
}
Published on:
10 November 2020
Publisher:
Springer
Published in:
European Physical Journal C , Volume 80 (2020)
Issue 11
Pages 1-52
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-8420-x
Copyrights:
The Author(s)
Licence:
CC-BY-4.0

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