In this paper, we carry out an assessment of cosmic distance duality relation (CDDR) based on the latest observations of HII galaxies acting as standard candles and ultra-compact structure in radio quasars acting as standard rulers. Particularly, two machine learning reconstruction methods [Gaussian Process (GP) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN)] are applied to reconstruct the Hubble diagrams from observational data. We show that both approaches are capable of reconstructing the current constraints on possible deviations from the CDDR in the redshift range $$z\sim 2.3$$ . Considering four different parametric methods of CDDR, which quantify deviations from the CDDR and the standard cosmological model, we compare the results of the two different machine learning approaches. It is observed that the validity of CDDR is in well agreement with the current observational data within $$1\sigma $$ based on the reconstructed distances through GP in the overlapping redshift domain. Moreover, we find that ultra-compact radio quasars could provide $$10^{-3}$$ -level constraints on the violation parameter at high redshifts, when combined with the observations of HII galaxies. In the framework of ANN, one could derive robust constraints on the violation parameter at a precision of $$10^{-2}$$ , with the validity of such distance duality relation within $$2\sigma $$ confidence level.
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"value": "In this paper, we carry out an assessment of cosmic distance duality relation (CDDR) based on the latest observations of HII galaxies acting as standard candles and ultra-compact structure in radio quasars acting as standard rulers. Particularly, two machine learning reconstruction methods [Gaussian Process (GP) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN)] are applied to reconstruct the Hubble diagrams from observational data. We show that both approaches are capable of reconstructing the current constraints on possible deviations from the CDDR in the redshift range $$z\\sim 2.3$$ <math> <mrow> <mi>z</mi> <mo>\u223c</mo> <mn>2.3</mn> </mrow> </math> . Considering four different parametric methods of CDDR, which quantify deviations from the CDDR and the standard cosmological model, we compare the results of the two different machine learning approaches. It is observed that the validity of CDDR is in well agreement with the current observational data within $$1\\sigma $$ <math> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mi>\u03c3</mi> </mrow> </math> based on the reconstructed distances through GP in the overlapping redshift domain. Moreover, we find that ultra-compact radio quasars could provide $$10^{-3}$$ <math> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </math> -level constraints on the violation parameter at high redshifts, when combined with the observations of HII galaxies. In the framework of ANN, one could derive robust constraints on the violation parameter at a precision of $$10^{-2}$$ <math> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </math> , with the validity of such distance duality relation within $$2\\sigma $$ <math> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>\u03c3</mi> </mrow> </math> confidence level."
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