Modified cosmology from the thermodynamics of apparent horizon
Shin'ichi Nojiri (Department of Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan, Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute for the Origin of Particles and the Universe, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan); Sergei D. Odintsov (ICREA, Barcelona, Spain, Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Barcelona, Spain); Tanmoy Paul (Department of Physics, Chandernagore College, Hooghly, India)
In the realm of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, the thermodynamics of apparent horizon bridges with the usual FLRW (Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker) equation only for a special case where the matter field is given by a perfect fluid having equation of state (EoS) parameter =−1, i.e. with ρ and p representing the energy density and the pressure of the fluid, respectively. To include the case , we consider the modification of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy in the present work. In particular, we develop an entropy function that leads to the usual FLRW equations, for a EoS of the matter fluid given by , directly from the thermodynamics of the apparent horizon. The newly developed entropy acquires a correction over the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy and differs from the known entropies like the Tsallis, Rényi, Barrow, Sharma-Mittal, Kaniadakis, and Loop Quantum Gravity entropies proposed so far. Based on this finding, we examine how the Friedmann equations of the apparent horizon cosmology are accordingly modified if one starts with a general entropy depending on the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy. This results in some interesting cosmological consequences during the early and late stages of the universe.