The amount of energy released by a nuclear recoil ionizing the atoms of the active volume of detection appears “quenched” compared to an electron of the same kinetic energy. This different behavior in ionization between electrons and nuclei is described by the Ionization Quenching Factor (IQF) and it plays a crucial role in direct dark matter searches. For low kinetic energies (below $$50~\textrm{keV}$$ ), IQF measurements deviate significantly from common models used for theoretical predictions and simulations. We report measurements of the IQF for proton, an appropriate target for searches of Dark Matter candidates with a mass of approximately $$1~\textrm{GeV}$$ , with kinetic energies in between $$2~\textrm{keV}$$ and $$13~\textrm{keV}$$ in $$100~\textrm{mbar}$$ of methane. We used the Comimac facility in order to produce the motion of nuclei and electrons of controlled kinetic energy in the active volume, and a NEWS-G SPC to measure the deposited energy. The Comimac electrons are used as a reference to calibrate the detector with 7 energy points. A detailed study of systematic effects led to the final results well fitted by $$\textrm{IQF}~(E_K)= E_K^\alpha ~/~(\beta + E_K^\alpha )$$ with $$\alpha = 0.70\pm 0.08$$ and $$\beta = 1.32\pm 0.17$$ . In agreement with some previous works in other gas mixtures, we measured less ionization energy than predicted from SRIM simulations, the difference reaching $$33\%$$ at $$2~\textrm{keV}$$ .
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"value": "The amount of energy released by a nuclear recoil ionizing the atoms of the active volume of detection appears \u201cquenched\u201d compared to an electron of the same kinetic energy. This different behavior in ionization between electrons and nuclei is described by the Ionization Quenching Factor (IQF) and it plays a crucial role in direct dark matter searches. For low kinetic energies (below $$50~\\textrm{keV}$$ <math> <mrow> <mn>50</mn> <mspace width=\"3.33333pt\"></mspace> <mtext>keV</mtext> </mrow> </math> ), IQF measurements deviate significantly from common models used for theoretical predictions and simulations. We report measurements of the IQF for proton, an appropriate target for searches of Dark Matter candidates with a mass of approximately $$1~\\textrm{GeV}$$ <math> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mspace width=\"3.33333pt\"></mspace> <mtext>GeV</mtext> </mrow> </math> , with kinetic energies in between $$2~\\textrm{keV}$$ <math> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width=\"3.33333pt\"></mspace> <mtext>keV</mtext> </mrow> </math> and $$13~\\textrm{keV}$$ <math> <mrow> <mn>13</mn> <mspace width=\"3.33333pt\"></mspace> <mtext>keV</mtext> </mrow> </math> in $$100~\\textrm{mbar}$$ <math> <mrow> <mn>100</mn> <mspace width=\"3.33333pt\"></mspace> <mtext>mbar</mtext> </mrow> </math> of methane. We used the Comimac facility in order to produce the motion of nuclei and electrons of controlled kinetic energy in the active volume, and a NEWS-G SPC to measure the deposited energy. The Comimac electrons are used as a reference to calibrate the detector with 7 energy points. A detailed study of systematic effects led to the final results well fitted by $$\\textrm{IQF}~(E_K)= E_K^\\alpha ~/~(\\beta + E_K^\\alpha )$$ <math> <mrow> <mtext>IQF</mtext> <mspace width=\"3.33333pt\"></mspace> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mi>K</mi> </msub> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msubsup> <mi>E</mi> <mi>K</mi> <mi>\u03b1</mi> </msubsup> <mspace width=\"3.33333pt\"></mspace> <mo>/</mo> <mspace width=\"3.33333pt\"></mspace> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mi>\u03b2</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mi>E</mi> <mi>K</mi> <mi>\u03b1</mi> </msubsup> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math> with $$\\alpha = 0.70\\pm 0.08$$ <math> <mrow> <mi>\u03b1</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0.70</mn> <mo>\u00b1</mo> <mn>0.08</mn> </mrow> </math> and $$\\beta = 1.32\\pm 0.17$$ <math> <mrow> <mi>\u03b2</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1.32</mn> <mo>\u00b1</mo> <mn>0.17</mn> </mrow> </math> . In agreement with some previous works in other gas mixtures, we measured less ionization energy than predicted from SRIM simulations, the difference reaching $$33\\%$$ <math> <mrow> <mn>33</mn> <mo>%</mo> </mrow> </math> at $$2~\\textrm{keV}$$ <math> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width=\"3.33333pt\"></mspace> <mtext>keV</mtext> </mrow> </math> ."
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