Phase diagram of QCD matter with magnetic field: domain-wall Skyrmion chain in chiral soliton lattice

Minoru Eto (Department of Physics, Yamagata University, Kojirakawa-machi 1-4-12, Yamagata, Yamagata, 990-8560, Japan; Research and Education Center for Natural Sciences, Keio University, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8521, Japan) ; Kentaro Nishimura (Research and Education Center for Natural Sciences, Keio University, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8521, Japan; International Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter (SKCM2), Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8511, Japan; KEK Theory Center, Tsukuba, 305-0801, Japan) ; Muneto Nitta (Research and Education Center for Natural Sciences, Keio University, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8521, Japan; International Institute for Sustainability with Knotted Chiral Meta Matter (SKCM2), Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8511, Japan; Department of Physics, Keio University, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 223-8521, Japan)

QCD matter in strong magnetic field exhibits a rich phase structure. In the presence of an external magnetic field, the chiral Lagrangian for two flavors is accompanied by the Wess-Zumino-Witten (WZW) term containing an anomalous coupling of the neutral pion π 0 to the magnetic field via the chiral anomaly. Due to this term, the ground state is inhomogeneous in the form of either chiral soliton lattice (CSL), an array of solitons in the direction of magnetic field, or domain-wall Skyrmion (DWSk) phase in which Skyrmions supported by π 3[SU(2)] ≃ ℤ appear inside the solitons as topological lumps supported by π 2(S 2) ≃ ℤ in the effective worldvolume theory of the soliton. In this paper, we determine the phase boundary between the CSL and DWSk phases beyond the single-soliton approximation, within the leading order of chiral perturbation theory. To this end, we explore a domain-wall Skyrmion chain in multiple soliton configurations. First, we construct the effective theory of the CSL by the moduli approximation, and obtain the ℂP 1 model or O(3) model, gauged by a background electromagnetic gauge field, with two kinds of topological terms coming from the WZW term: one is the topological lump charge in 2+1 dimensional worldvolume and the other is a topological term counting the soliton number. Topological lumps in the 2+1 dimensional worldvolume theory are superconducting rings and their sizes are constrained by the flux quantization condition. The negative energy condition of the lumps yields the phase boundary between the CSL and DWSk phases. We find that a large region inside the CSL is occupied by the DWSk phase, and that the CSL remains metastable in the DWSk phase in the vicinity of the phase boundary.

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      "source": "Springer", 
      "value": "QCD matter in strong magnetic field exhibits a rich phase structure. In the presence of an external magnetic field, the chiral Lagrangian for two flavors is accompanied by the Wess-Zumino-Witten (WZW) term containing an anomalous coupling of the neutral pion \u03c0 0 to the magnetic field via the chiral anomaly. Due to this term, the ground state is inhomogeneous in the form of either chiral soliton lattice (CSL), an array of solitons in the direction of magnetic field, or domain-wall Skyrmion (DWSk) phase in which Skyrmions supported by \u03c0 3[SU(2)] \u2243 \u2124 appear inside the solitons as topological lumps supported by \u03c0 2(S 2) \u2243 \u2124 in the effective worldvolume theory of the soliton. In this paper, we determine the phase boundary between the CSL and DWSk phases beyond the single-soliton approximation, within the leading order of chiral perturbation theory. To this end, we explore a domain-wall Skyrmion chain in multiple soliton configurations. First, we construct the effective theory of the CSL by the moduli approximation, and obtain the \u2102P 1 model or O(3) model, gauged by a background electromagnetic gauge field, with two kinds of topological terms coming from the WZW term: one is the topological lump charge in 2+1 dimensional worldvolume and the other is a topological term counting the soliton number. Topological lumps in the 2+1 dimensional worldvolume theory are superconducting rings and their sizes are constrained by the flux quantization condition. The negative energy condition of the lumps yields the phase boundary between the CSL and DWSk phases. We find that a large region inside the CSL is occupied by the DWSk phase, and that the CSL remains metastable in the DWSk phase in the vicinity of the phase boundary."
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Published on:
05 December 2023
Publisher:
Springer
Published in:
Journal of High Energy Physics , Volume 2023 (2023)
Issue 12
Pages 1-22
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP12(2023)032
arXiv:
2311.01112
Copyrights:
The Author(s)
Licence:
CC-BY-4.0

Fulltext files: