We construct a formalism that describes the resonances decaying into four pseudoscalar meson final states. This method is fully covariant and can be directly applied to the partial-wave analysis of high statistical data. Two topologies of the process are considered: two intermediate resonances, each decaying into two final mesons, and cascade decay via three meson intermediate states. In particular, we consider the production of such states in the central collision reactions and in radiative $J/\Psi$ decay.

Russia

M.A. Matveev

A.T. Sitnikov

A.V. Sarantsev

Tensor formalism for the partial wave analysis of reactions with resonances decaying into four pseudoscalar mesons * Supported by the RSF (Grant No. 24-22-00322)

Recently, the BESIII Collaboration observed the three-body decays $ D_s^+\to \eta \omega\pi^+ $ , $ D^+\to K^0_S\pi^+\omega $ , and $ D^0\to K^-\pi^+\omega $ . In this study, we investigate the contributions of the subprocesses $ \rho^+\to \omega\pi^+ $ in these Cabibbo-favored decays $ D \to h\omega\pi $ , with $ \rho^+= \{\rho(770)^+, \rho(1450)^+, \rho(770)^+\&amp;\rho(1450)^+\} $ and $ h=\{ \eta, K^0_S, K^-\} $ , by introducing these subprocesses into the decay amplitudes of the relevant decay processes via the vector form factor $ F_{\omega\pi} $ , which has been measured in the related $\textit{τ}$ and $ e^+e^- $ processes. We provide the first theoretical predictions for the branching fractions of the quasi-two-body decays $ D_s^+\to\eta[\rho^+\to]\omega\pi^+ $ , $ D^+\to K^0_S[\rho^+\to]\omega\pi^+ $ , and $ D^0\to K^-[\rho^+\to]\omega\pi^+ $ . Our findings reveal that the contributions from the subprocess $ \rho(770)^+\to\omega\pi^+ $ are significant in these observed three-body decays $ D_s^+\to\eta \omega\pi^+ $ , $ D^+\to K^0_S \omega\pi^+ $ , and $ D^0\to K^- \omega\pi^+ $ , notwithstanding the contributions originating from the Breit-Wigner tail effect of $ \rho(770)^+ $ . The numerical results of this study suggest that the dominant resonance contributions for the three-body decays $ D_s^+\to\eta \omega\pi^+ $ and $ D^+\to K^0_S \omega\pi^+ $ originate from the $\textit{P}$-wave intermediate states $ \rho(770)^+ $ , $ \rho(1450)^+ $ and their interference effects.

China

Wen-Fei Wang

Jiao-Yuan Xu

Si-Hong Zhou

Spain

Pan-Pan Shi

Contributions of $\textit{ρ}$(770,1450)→$\textit{ωπ}$ to Cabibbo-favored $\textit{D}$→$\textit{hωπ}$ decays * Supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12465017) and the Foundation of Shanxi '1331 Project' Key Subjects Construction

The charmed baryon was first observed experimentally in 1975, one year after the charm quark's confirmation via the discovery of the $ J/\psi $ particle. Studying charmed baryon decays provides a pathway to investigate both strong and weak interactions, leveraging the weak decays of the embedded charm quark. However, for approximately three decades following its discovery, experimental knowledge of charmed baryons remained significantly limited compared to those of the hidden-charm $\textit{ψ}$ mesons and open-charm $ D_{(s)} $ mesons. This situation changed markedly starting in 2014, when dedicated data collection for charmed baryons commenced at BESIII. In this article, we review the experimental progress achieved since 2014 in understanding the weak decays of the charmed baryons.

Pei-Rong Li

Xiao-Rui Lyu

Yangheng Zheng

Experimental overview on the charmed baryon decays * The authors thank Fusheng Yu for useful discussions. The authors are supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China (12221005, 12422504); CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research (YSBR-117); Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Lanzhou University (lzujbky-2025-ytB01, lzujbky-2023-stlt01, lzujbky-2023-it32), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

The decay of the Higgs boson and the nature of dark matter remain fundamental challenges in particle physics. We investigate the 95 GeV diphoton excess and dark matter within the framework of the triplet-extended minimal supersymmetric standard model (TMSSM). In this model, an additional hypercharge $ Y=0 $ , $ S U(2)_L $ triplet superfield is introduced. Mixing between the triplet and doublet Higgs states enhances the diphoton signal strength of the 95 GeV Higgs boson, resulting in $ \mu_{\gamma\gamma}^{{\rm{CMS+ATLAS}}} = 0.24_{-0.08}^{+0.09} $ , which is consistent with experimental observations. This enhancement arises primarily from charged Higgs and chargino loop contributions, together with an LEP excess in the $ Zb\bar{b} $ channel around the same mass within the $ 2\sigma $ range. Additionally, the model accommodates viable dark matter candidates in the form of a bino-dominated neutralino. The relic density is reduced to the observed value through resonance-enhanced annihilation via the Higgs portal or co-annihilation with the triplino or higgsino. This reduction remains consistent with constraints from direct and indirect detection experiments. A comprehensive parameter scan demonstrates that the TMSSM can simultaneously explain the 95 GeV diphoton excess, observed 125 GeV Higgs mass, and dark matter relic density, establishing a compelling and theoretically consistent framework.

Zetian Li

Ning Liu

Bin Zhu

Interplay of 95 GeV diphoton excess and dark matter in supersymmetric triplet model * Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NNSFC) (12275232, 12335005) and Bin Zhu is also supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2025QA20)

An $\textit{SU}$(3) flavor projection operator technique is implemented to construct the baryon-meson scattering amplitude within the framework of the $1/N_c$ expansion of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), where $N_c$ represents the number of color charges. The operator technique is implemented to evaluate not only the lowest-order scattering amplitude but also effects from the first-order perturbative $\textit{SU}$(3) flavor symmetry breaking and strong isospin breaking. The most general expression is obtained by explicitly accounting for the effects of the decuplet-octet baryon mass difference. At order ${\cal{O}}(1/N_c^2)$ , a large number of unknown operator coefficients appear, and therefore, there is little additional predictive power unless leading and subleading terms are retained. Although the resultant expression is sufficiently general that it can be applied to any incoming and outgoing baryons and pseudo scalar mesons, provided that the Gell-Mann--Nishijima scheme is respected, results for $N\pi\to N\pi$ scattering processes are explicitly considered.

Víctor Miguel Banda Guzmán

Rubén Flores-Mendieta

Johann Hernández

Use of $\textit{SU}$(3) flavor projection operators to construct baryon-meson scattering amplitudes in the 1/ N$_{c}$ expansion * The authors are grateful to Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías (Mexico) for support through the $\textit{Ciencia de Frontera}$ project CF-2023-I-162

Recently, a series of new measurements with both the neutral and charge current Drell–Yan processes have been performed at hadron colliders, revealing deviations from the predictions of the current parton distribution functions (PDFs). In this article, the impact of these new measurements is studied by using their results to update the PDFs. Although these new measurements correspond to different boson propagators and colliding energies, they are found to have a similar impact to the light quark parton distributions with a momentum fraction $\textit{x}$ of approximately 0.1. The deviations are consistent with each other and favor a larger valence $ d_v/u_v $ ratio than the modern PDF predictions. Further study indicates that such tension results dominantly from the deep inelastic scattering measurements of NMC and the fixed target experiments of NuSea, both of which play pivotal roles in detecting the relative $\textit{u}$- and $\textit{d-}$type quark contributions for modern PDFs. The conclusions of the impact study indicate that these new measurements should be included in the complete PDF global analysis in the future.

Zihan Zhao

Minghui Liu

Liang Han

Impact of new measurements of light quarks at hadron colliders * Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12061141005, 12105275)

We study a three-loop induced neutrino mass scenario from a non-holomorphic modular $\textit{A}$ $_{4}$ flavor symmetry and obtain the minimum scenario leading to predictions of the lepton masses, mixing angles, and Dirac and Majorana phases, which are shown through chi square analyses. In addition, we discuss the lepton flavor violations, muon anomalous magnetic moment, lepton universality, and relic density of the dark matter candidate. Moreover, we show that our model can be extended to satisfy the observed relic density of dark matter within the limit of perturbation by adding one singlet scalar boson without changing predictions in the neutrino sector.

Takaaki Nomura

Hiroshi Okada

Neutrino mass model at a three-loop level from a non-holomorphic modular $\textit{A}$ $_{4}$ symmetry * Takaaki Nomura is supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities. Hiroshi Okada is supported by Zhongyuan Talent (Talent Recruitment Series) Foreign Experts Project

In this study, we investigate the isospin-violating decays of $ B_{c}(1P)^{+}\to B_{c}^{(*)+}\pi^{0} $ , which may provide additional information for the determination of the properties of $ B_{c}(1P)^{+} $ , the first orbital excitation states of the $B_c $ meson. By assuming a dual relation between the $\textit{U}$(1) anomaly soft-gluon coupling for $ B_{c}(1P)^{+}\to B_{c}^{(*)+}\pi^{0} $ and the intermediate meson loop transitions, we can quantify the isospin-violating decay effects for these four $\textit{P}$-wave states. We observe that the partial decay width of $ B_{c0}^{*+}\to B_{c}^{+}\pi^{0} $ is approximately three orders of magnitude larger than that for $ B_{c2}^{*+}\to B_{c}^{+}\pi^{0} $ . This indicates that $ B_{c0}^{*+} $ can be established in the $ B_{c}^{+}\pi^{0} $ decay channel as a single state. Meanwhile, the two axial-vector states $ B_{c1}^{+}/B_{c1}'^{+} $ can be possibly identified in $ B_{c1}^{+}/B_{c1}'^{+}\to B_{c}^{*+}\pi^{0} $ with comparable strengths. Although these isospin-violating decays are observed to be small, the theoretical predictions should be useful for guiding future experimental efforts.

Jun Wang

Qiang Zhao

Predictions for the isospin-violating decays of ${{\boldsymbol B}_{\boldsymbol c}({\boldsymbol{1P}})^{\bf +}{\bf\to}{\boldsymbol B}_{\boldsymbol c}^{({\bf *})+}\boldsymbol\pi^{\bf 0}}$ * Supported, in part, by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12235018), DFG and NSFC funds to the Sino-German CRC 110 'Symmetries and the Emergence of Structure in QCD' (12070131001, DFG Project-ID 196253076), National Key Basic Research Program of China (2020YFA0406300) and Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB34030302)

In this work, we investigate the resonance structures in the $ \Sigma(1/2^-) $ system from both three-quark and five-quark perspectives within the framework of the chiral quark model. An accurate few-body computational approach, the Gaussian expansion method, is employed to construct the orbital wave functions of multiquark states. To reduce the model dependence on parameters, we fit two sets of parameters to check the stability of the results. The calculations show that our results remain stable despite changes in the parameters. In the three-quark calculations, two $ \Sigma(1/2^-) $ states are obtained with energies around 1.8 GeV, which are good candidates for the experimentally observed $ \Sigma(1750) $ and $ \Sigma(1900) $ . In the five-quark configuration, several stable resonance states are identified, including $ \Sigma \pi $ , $ N \bar{K} $ , and $ N \bar{K}^{*} $ . These resonance states survive the channel-coupling calculations under the complex-scaling framework and manifest as stable structures. Our results support the existence of a two-pole structure for the $ \Sigma(1/2^-) $ system, predominantly composed of $ \Sigma \pi $ and $ N \bar{K} $ configurations, analogous to the well-known $ \Lambda(1380) $ - $ \Lambda(1405) $ ( $ \Sigma \pi $ - $ N \bar{K} $ ) system. On the other hand, although the energy of the $ N \bar{K}^{*} $ configuration is close to that of $ \Sigma(1750) $ and $ \Sigma(1900) $ , the obtained width is not consistent with the experimental values. This suggests that the $ N \bar{K}^{*} $ state needs to mix with three-quark components to better explain the experimental $ \Sigma(1750) $ and $ \Sigma(1900) $ states. According to our decay width calculations, the predicted two resonance states are primarily composed of $ \Sigma \pi $ and $ N \bar{K} $ , with their main decay channel being $ \Lambda \pi $ . Therefore, we encourage experimental groups to search for the predicted two-pole structure of the $ \Sigma(1/2^-) $ system in the invariant mass spectrum of $ \Lambda \pi $ .

Yu Yao

Xuejie Liu

Xiaoyun Chen

Yuheng Wu

Jialun Ping

Yue Tan

Qi Huang

Investigation of resonances in the Σ(1/2$^{–}$) system based on the chiral quark model * Supported partly by the National Science Foundation of China (12205249, 12305087). Yue Tan is supported by the Funding for School-Level Research Projects of Yancheng Institute of Technology (xjr2022039) and the Qinglan Project Fund of Jiangsu Province. Qi Huang is supported by the Start-up Funds of Nanjing Normal University (184080H201B20)

Recent studies have shown that observing entangled particle states at a particle collider, such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), and testing the violation of Bell inequality in them can open up new research areas for studying high energy physics. We examine the presence of quantum entanglement in the $ pp\to ZZ\to 4\ell $ process at leading order. We apply a generally recognized method, quantum state tomography, to reconstruct the spin density matrix of the joint $\textit{ZZ}$ system, through which all the relevant observables can be obtained. The angular distribution of the final leptons is obtained from simulated events using a Monte-Carlo program, which is used to reconstruct the spin density matrix. A non-zero value of the lower bound of the concurrence is measured with the simulated data. The numerical analysis shows that, with the luminosity corresponding to LHC Run 2+3, entanglement can be probed at the 2 $ \sigma $ level and up to the 3.75 $ \sigma $ level for High-Luminosity LHC data (3ab$^{-1}$), revealing the possibility of finding quantum entanglement in real collider experiments.

Alim Ruzi

Youpeng Wu

Ran Ding

Qiang Li

Searching quantum entanglement in the $\textit{pp}$ → $\textit{ZZ}$ process * Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (12325504, 120611410), and by MOST (2023YFA1605800). This work is supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12325504, 12150005, 12075004)