In this paper, we compute the renormalization factors for the gluino and gluon fields, the gauge parameter, the coupling constant, as well as the scalar, pseudoscalar, and axial-vector gluino bilinear operators in $${\mathcal {N}} =1$$ supersymmetric Yang–Mills (SYM) theory, using improved lattice actions. Our lattice formulation employs clover fermions, a Symanzik-improved gauge action, and stout-smeared links, which suppress ultraviolet fluctuations and thus enable more accurate determinations of renormalization factors. Our methodology involves computing gauge-variant two-point and three-point Green’s functions at one-loop order in lattice perturbation theory, in order to extract the multiplicative renormalization factors and the critical gluino mass. By analyzing lattice discretization effects on the axial current and their dependence on the stout-smearing and clover parameters, we identify a value of the smearing parameter that ensures axial-current conservation at one loop. The results presented in this work provide practical guidance for the fine-tuning procedures required to set up and calibrate lattice simulations of SYM.

Cyprus

M. Costa

United States

P. Chrysanthis

C. Costa

S. Dimou

G. Spanoudes

H. Panagopoulos

Fine-tunings and renormalization of gluino bilinear operators in lattice SYM with stout-smeared links

CUPID is a next-generation bolometric experiment to search for neutrinoless double-beta decay ( $$0\nu \beta \beta $$ ) of Mo using Li $$_2$$ MoO $$_4$$ scintillating crystals. It will operate 1596 crystals at $$\sim $$ 10 mK in the CUORE cryostat at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy. Each crystal will be facing two Ge-based bolometric light detectors for $$\alpha $$ rejection. We compute the discovery and the exclusion sensitivity of CUPID to $$0\nu \beta \beta $$ in a Frequentist and a Bayesian framework. This computation is done numerically based on pseudo-experiments. For the CUPID $\textit{baseline}$ scenario, with a background and an energy resolution of $$1.0 \times 10^{-4}$$ counts/keV/kg/yr and 5 keV FWHM at the Q-value, respectively, this results in a Bayesian exclusion sensitivity (90% c.i.) of $$\hat{T}_{1/2} > 1.6 \times 10^{27} \ \textrm{yr}$$ , corresponding to the effective Majorana neutrino mass of $$\hat{m}_{\beta \beta } < \ 9.6$$ – $$28 \ \textrm{meV}$$ . The Frequentist discovery sensitivity (3 $$\sigma $$ ) is $$\hat{T}_{1/2}= 1.0 \times 10^{27} \ \textrm{yr}$$ , corresponding to $$\hat{m}_{\beta \beta }= \ 12$$ – $$36 \ \textrm{meV}$$ .

K. Alfonso

France

A. Armatol

C. Augier

F. Avignone

Italy

O. Azzolini

Russia

A. Barabash

G. Bari

A. Barresi

D. Baudin

F. Bellini

G. Benato

L. Benussi

V. Berest

M. Beretta

L. Bergé

M. Bettelli

M. Biassoni

J. Billard

F. Boffelli

V. Boldrini

E. Brandani

C. Brofferio

C. Bucci

M. Buchynska

J. Camilleri

A. Campani

China

J. Cao

Switzerland

C. Capelli

S. Capelli

V. Caracciolo

L. Cardani

P. Carniti

N. Casali

E. Celi

C. Chang

M. Chapellier

H. Chen

D. Chiesa

D. Cintas

M. Clemenza

I. Colantoni

S. Copello

O. Cremonesi

R. Creswick

A. D’Addabbo

I. Dafinei

Ukraine

F. Danevich

F. Dominicis

M. Jesus

P. Marcillac

S. Dell’Oro

S. Domizio

S. Lorenzo

United Kingdom

T. Dixon

A. Drobizhev

L. Dumoulin

M. El Idrissi

M. Faverzani

E. Ferri

F. Ferri

F. Ferroni

E. Figueroa-Feliciano

J. Formaggio

A. Franceschi

S. Fu

B. Fujikawa

J. Gascon

S. Ghislandi

A. Giachero

M. Girola

L. Gironi

A. Giuliani

P. Gorla

C. Gotti

C. Grant

P. Gras

Germany

P. Guillaumon

T. Gutierrez

K. Han

E. Hansen

K. Heeger

D. Helis

H. Huang

M. Hurst

L. Imbert

T. Johnson

A. Juillard

G. Karapetrov

G. Keppel

H. Khalife

V. Kobychev

Yu. Kolomensky

R. Kowalski

H. Lattaud

M. Lefevre

M. Lisovenko

R. Liu

Y. Liu

P. Loaiza

L. Ma

Sensitivity of the CUPID experiment to $$0\nu \beta \beta $$ decay of 100Mo

With an intent to study the combined effect of Born–Infeld field as a nonlinear electrodynamics (BI-NED) and perfect fluid dark matter (PFDM) to Einstein- $$\Lambda $$ theory of gravity, we obtain the exact charged AdS black hole solutions. Next, we study the effects of the parameters of PFDM and BI on the event horizon of these black holes. Then, we compute the conserved and thermodynamical quantities and evaluate that these thermodynamical quantities can satisfy the first law of thermodynamics. In addition, we investigate thermal stability conditions for these black hole solutions in context of canonical ensemble by using the heat capacity and the Helmholtz free energy. We study the effects of the parameters of PFDM and BI-NED on the local and global stability areas. Next, we extend our study to investigate thermodynamical properties of BI-NED AdS black holes surrounded by PFDM in extended phase space by considering the cosmological constant as a thermodynamics pressure. We, obtain the conserved and thermodynamic quantities which can satisfy the first law of thermodynamics in extended phase space. We then perform a rigorous analytical verification of the Ehrenfest equations to determine whether the critical behavior of the charged BI-NED AdS black holes surrounded by PFDM corresponds to a second-order phase transition. Our findings indicate that both Ehrenfest relations are satisfied, confirming that the black hole system undergoes a second-order phase transition at the critical point. we obtain heat engines corresponding to these black holes. The goal is to see how black holes’ parameters such as parameters of PFDM and BI-NED would affect efficiency of the heat engines. Finally, we study the geodesic structure of the spacetime by analyzing both timelike and null geodesics. The effective potential is examined to determine the conditions for stable and unstable circular orbits, as well as the behavior of the innermost stable circular orbit and the photon sphere. We show that the PFDM parameter significantly modifies the orbital structure and potential barrier, while the Born–Infeld parameter produces comparatively weaker corrections. The existence of bound, critical, and unstable trajectories highlights the dynamical impact of dark matter and nonlinear electrodynamics on particle and photon motion around the black hole.

Iran

Azerbaijan

Behzad Panah

Algeria

Bilel Hamil

Brazil

Manuel Rodrigues

Born–Infeld AdS black holes surrounded by perfect fluid dark matter

We investigate horizon-brightened acceleration radiation (HBAR) and optical signatures for a broad class of regular black holes sourced by nonlinear electrodynamics. The spacetimes considered are static, spherically symmetric, and nonsingular, and they include Bardeen-like, and Hayward-like regular black-hole limits as special cases. We characterize the horizon structure and thermodynamic properties, and we compute key optical observables by determining the photon-sphere location and the corresponding shadow size as seen by distant observers, including controlled perturbative limits and full numerical solutions. Using angular-size constraints for Sgr A* and M87* from the Event Horizon Telescope and the GRAVITY collaboration, we perform a Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis to infer the admissible parameter ranges of the model and to quantify degeneracies among the black-hole mass and nonlinear-electrodynamic parameters. On the quantum side, we develop the near-horizon reduction relevant for HBAR, showing that the dominant sector governing the detector response exhibits conformal behavior and leads to a thermal excitation spectrum governed by the horizon temperature. We formulate a Lindblad master-equation description for the radiation field, identify the thermal steady state, and derive an HBAR entropy–energy relation consistent with a Clausius-type first law. Finally, we establish a Wien-type displacement law for the HBAR spectrum, expressing the peak wavelength in terms of horizon thermodynamic, thereby providing an additional observable link between nonlinear electrodynamics, regularity, and near-horizon quantum radiation.

Uzbekistan

Uktamjon Uktamov

Türkiye

Ali Övgün

Philippines

Reggie Pantig

Bobomurat Ahmedov

Horizon-brightened acceleration radiation and optical signatures of generic regular black holes from nonlinear electrodynamics

We investigate the propagation of gravitational waves in the presence of Lorentz- and diffeomorphism-violating operators within the linearized gravitational sector of the Standard Model Extension. Focusing on isotropic contributions, we analyze the combined effects of the CPT-even dimension-four coefficient $$\mathring{k}^{(4)}_{(I)}$$ and the CPT-odd dimension-five coefficient $$\mathring{k}^{(5)}_{(V)}$$ on tensorial gravitational radiation. The modified dispersion relation induces both a rescaling of the propagation speed and helicity-dependent corrections, leading to birefringence and polarization mixing without introducing additional propagating degrees of freedom. We derive the retarded Green function associated with the modified wave operator and obtain explicit expressions for the gravitational waveform generated by matter sources. As an application, we examine a binary black hole system and show how Lorentz violation alters the observed strain through shifted retarded times, amplitude rescaling, and higher derivative corrections to the quadrupole formula. Using GW170817/GRB 170817A, published GWTC-3 propagation tests, and conservative polarization consistency arguments, we translate existing observational constraints into bounds on $$\mathring{k}^{(4)}_{(I)}$$ and $$\mathring{k}^{(5)}_{(V)}$$ .

A. Araújo Filho

N. Heidari

Iarley Lobo

Propagation effects of Lorentz violation in gravitational waves

We study the two- and three-body decays of the $$I=0$$ $$D_1K$$ and $$D_2K$$ molecular states $$T_{c\bar{s}1}^*$$ and $$T_{c\bar{s}2}^*$$ into $$D_s^{(*)}$$ mesons and pions. Triangle singularities produce narrow peaks in the $$D_s^*\pi $$ and $$D_s\pi $$ invariant mass spectra near the $$D^*K$$ and $\textit{DK}$ thresholds. The isospin-violating two-body decays $$T_{c\bar{s}1}^*\rightarrow D_{s1}(2460)\pi ^0$$ , $$T_{c\bar{s}2}^*\rightarrow D_{s1}(2460)\pi ^0$$ , and $$T_{c\bar{s}2}^*\rightarrow D_{s0}^*(2317)\pi ^0$$ exhibit large partial widths, reflecting the strong couplings inherent to molecular states. These predictions, obtained within heavy hadron chiral perturbation theory and the chiral unitary approach, provide complementary signatures for identifying $$D_1K$$ and $$D_2K$$ molecules at experiments.

Xing-Meng Zhao

Liu-Lin Wang

Ying-Bo He

Xiao-Yun Wang

Xiao-Hai Liu

Probing the nature of $$D_1 K$$ and $$D_2 K$$ molecules through $$D_s^{(*)}\pi \pi $$ and $$D_{s0(s1)}\pi $$ decays

The acceleration mechanisms of cosmic rays (CR) in supernova remnants (SNRs) and their associated compact central objects (CCOs) remain an open question in high-energy astrophysics. In this study, we perform a modeling of CR transport and gamma-ray emission from SNR G296.5+10.0 and its CCO 1E 1207.4-5209, using the latest public release of the code (v57) and focusing, in particular, on the contribution from the CCO. Our simulations predict the contribution of CR from this source to the Galactic flux, accounting for energy losses and particle interaction processes. We find that, under time-evolving scenarios, the environment around SNR G296.5+10.0 and 1E 1207.4-5209 is suitable for CR acceleration and gamma-ray production. The analysis distinguishes between gamma rays produced by hadronic interactions in SNR G296.5+10.0 and by leptonic processes in CCO 1E 1207.4-5209, revealing that each mechanism dominates in different energy bands. We show that the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) can detect this emission with a significance of $$5\sigma $$ after 50 h of exposure, providing the first constraints on particle acceleration in this unique CCO-SNR system. These findings suggest that CCOs may be efficient electron accelerators, even in the absence of pulsar wind nebulae, and emphasize the critical role of next-generation observatories such as CTAO in unraveling CR acceleration processes in low-luminosity SNR-CCO systems.

Luana Padilha

Rubens Costa Jr.

Rita Anjos

Jaziel Coelho

Probing low-luminosity gamma-ray emission from SNR G296.5+10.0 and CCO 1E 1207.4-5209 with CTAO

We study the orbital structure and precession dynamics of neutral test particles in the magnetized Kerr black hole (MKBH) spacetime – an exact electrovacuum solution of the Einstein–Maxwell equations that self-consistently incorporates the curvature effects of an external magnetic field. This geometry allows a unified treatment of gravitational and magnetic influences across weak to ultra-strong regimes. The analysis reveals a critical magnetic field strength $$B_{\textrm{cr}}(a_*)$$ above which no circular geodesics, timelike or null, can exist, establishing an upper magnetic bound for orbital motion. For subcritical fields, the photon circular orbit admits two real roots, the outer of which defines an outermost stable circular orbit (OSCO), complementing the conventional innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO) and confining stable motion within a finite radial domain. Exact expressions for the orbital, radial, and vertical epicyclic frequencies, and their associated precession rates, show substantial deviations from Kerr behavior, including a magnetically induced reversal of periastron precession ( $$\Omega _{\textrm{per}} < 0$$ ) within a finite radial range. For astrophysically relevant magnetic field strengths, the retrograde precession could be observable at large radii around astrophysical BHs, offering a potential diagnostic of large-scale magnetization. These findings highlight the geometric influence of magnetic curvature on strong-field dynamics, providing a self-consistent framework to interpret quasi-periodic oscillation phenomenology and potential magnetic imprints in precision timing observations of compact objects.

India

Karthik Iyer

Chandrachur Chakraborty

Orbital dynamics and precession in magnetized Kerr spacetime

Employing the generalized free energy landscape and solving the associated Fokker–Planck equation, we obtain the time-dependent probability evolution of the order parameter for the RN-AdS black hole phase transitions. Our analysis reveals two distinct kinetic regimes, namely relaxation dynamics initialized at the unstable maximum and phase transition from the metastable state. Furthermore, we characterize the non-equilibrium irreversibility and macroscopic uncertainty using the entropy production rate and the Shannon entropy. The results demonstrate that the phase transition synchronizes exactly with a prominent peak in the entropy production rate, identifying the barrier crossing event as a process fundamentally driven by maximum thermodynamic dissipation.

Chao Wang

Chen Ma

Meng-Ci He

Bin Wu

Probabilistic evolution of black hole thermodynamic states via Fokker–Planck equation

Marzieh Bahmani

Alessandro Guida

Maral Khandan

Heiko Lacker

Anupama Reghunath

Erratum to: Techniques for mass peak reconstruction in searches for long-lived heavy neutral leptons decaying to a lepton and a $$\rho $$ meson