We introduce Scale Factorized-Quantum Field Theory (SF-QFT), a framework performing path-integral factorization of ultraviolet and infrared momentum modes at a physical scale <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0001' notation='LaTeX'>$Q^{*}$</tex-math></inline-formula> before perturbative expansion through Effective Dynamical Renormalization (EDR) with Principle of Observable Effective Matching (POEM) constraints. This yields completely scale- and scheme-invariant observables. Because the two-loop <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0002' notation='LaTeX'>$\beta$</tex-math></inline-formula>-function is universal, <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0003' notation='LaTeX'>$a_{\text{eff}}(Q)$</tex-math></inline-formula> evolves with scheme-independent equations, with higher-order <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0004' notation='LaTeX'>$\beta$</tex-math></inline-formula>-coefficients absorbed into Wilson coefficients. For the inclusive ratio <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0005' notation='LaTeX'>$R_{e^{+}e^{-}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, SF-QFT gives <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0006' notation='LaTeX'>$R^{\mathrm{SF-QFT}}(31.6\, \mathrm{GeV}) = 1.05262 \pm 0.0005$</tex-math></inline-formula>, in excellent agreement with experiment ( <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0007' notation='LaTeX'>$1.0527 \pm 0.005$</tex-math></inline-formula>) while requiring calculations orders of magnitude simpler than conventional four-loop <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0008' notation='LaTeX'>$\overline{\mathrm{MS}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> approaches. SF-QFT generates universal algebraic recursion relations producing all higher-order contributions without additional Feynman diagrams. For quantum electrodynamics (QED), the formalism yields scheme-independent predictions for the electron anomalous magnetic moment with <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0009' notation='LaTeX'>$a_e^{\text{theory}} = 0.001\, 159\, 652\, 180\, 61(76)$</tex-math></inline-formula>, differing from experiment by only <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0010' notation='LaTeX'>$0.15\sigma$</tex-math></inline-formula>. The framework enables self-consistent extraction of <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0011' notation='LaTeX'>$\alpha _{\text{eff}}^{-1}(m_e) = 137.036\, 005\, 301$</tex-math></inline-formula>. SF-QFT represents a paradigm shift, replacing pursuit of ever-higher loop orders with a unified framework eliminating renormalization ambiguities through systematic EDR and POEM implementation.

Canada

Farrukh A Chishtie

Scale Factorized-Quantum Field Theory: Eliminating Renormalization Ambiguities in QCD and QED

Motivated by the continuous advances in modern experimental facilities, we investigate the radially excited <italic>F</italic>-wave bottom and bottom-strange mesons that have not yet been observed experimentally. By combining theoretical inputs with available experimental information on charm mesons and applying flavor-symmetry relations, we estimate the masses of the radially excited <italic>F</italic>-wave bottom states and their strange partners. In addition, we compute their strong decay widths in terms of the hadronic coupling constants <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0004' notation='LaTeX'>$\tilde{g}_{ZH}$</tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0005' notation='LaTeX'>$\tilde{g}_{RH}$</tex-math></inline-formula>. Using the presently available estimates of these couplings, we estimate upper bounds for the corresponding decay widths. These results provide useful reference benchmarks for future experimental studies of heavy-flavor spectroscopy.

India

Palak Gupta

Sapana Yadav

Ritu Garg

Heavy Quark Effective Theory Spectroscopy of Radially Excited <italic>F</italic>-Wave Mesons

As measurements of neutrino mixing angles continue to become more precise, it is increasingly likely that in the very near future a realistic neutrino mixing model will be required to precisely reproduce their best-fit values. In this study, a modified TM <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0002' notation='LaTeX'>$_2$</tex-math></inline-formula> mixing model that reproduces the best-fit values of all three neutrino mixing angles is proposed. The model reproduces the correct mixing angles within 1 <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0003' notation='LaTeX'>$\sigma$</tex-math></inline-formula> of the current best-fit values and is robust against any future changes of the best-fit values.

Japan

Michael Fodroci

Teruyuki Kitabayashi

Modified TM 2 for Reproducing All Best-Fit Values of Neutrino Mixing Angles

We reinterpret classic radiochemical solar-neutrino measurements as “rate meters” for additional, nonnegative capture-like contributions induced by fermionic dark matter absorption. Using the chlorine and gallium production-rate data, we build a Bayesian likelihood that accounts for the dominant uncertainties in the solar-neutrino capture-rate prediction (solar fluxes, oscillation parameters, and capture cross sections). Solar-model metallicity systematics are made explicit by presenting results for both the B16–GS98 and B16–AGSS09met solar-model realizations. From the 1D marginalized posteriors of the joint <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0001' notation='LaTeX'>$(R_{\chi ,\mathrm{Cl}},R_{\chi ,\mathrm{Ga}})$</tex-math></inline-formula> analysis, we obtain 90% upper limits on additional capture-like rate contributions, dominated by chlorine: <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0002' notation='LaTeX'>$R_{\chi ,\mathrm{Cl},90}\simeq 0.388~\mathrm{SNU}$</tex-math></inline-formula> (B16&#8211;GS98) and <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0003' notation='LaTeX'>$0.588~\mathrm{SNU}$</tex-math></inline-formula> (B16&#8211;AGSS09met). In the charged-current V&#8211;A benchmark, we map these constraints onto upper bounds on <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0004' notation='LaTeX'>$y\equiv m_\chi ^2/(4\pi \Lambda ^4)$</tex-math></inline-formula> for <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0005' notation='LaTeX'>$m_\chi$</tex-math></inline-formula> above the <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0006' notation='LaTeX'>${}^{71}$</tex-math></inline-formula>Ga and <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0007' notation='LaTeX'>${}^{37}$</tex-math></inline-formula>Cl capture thresholds, using a pep-normalized operator mapping anchored to solar-neutrino capture inputs, where <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0008' notation='LaTeX'>$m_\chi$</tex-math></inline-formula> is the dark matter mass and <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0009' notation='LaTeX'>$\Lambda$</tex-math></inline-formula> is the effective scale suppressing the charged-current operator. At <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0010' notation='LaTeX'>$m_\chi \simeq 1~\mathrm{MeV}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, we find <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0011' notation='LaTeX'>$y_{90}\simeq 4.88\times 10^{-49}~\mathrm{cm}^2$</tex-math></inline-formula> (B16&#8211;GS98) and <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0012' notation='LaTeX'>$7.08\times 10^{-49}~\mathrm{cm}^2$</tex-math></inline-formula> (B16&#8211;AGSS09met). These radiochemical bounds are complementary to xenon-based absorption searches and collider interpretations by probing distinct nuclear targets with minimal reliance on spectral reconstruction.

K Ishidoshiro

K Tachibana

Constraints on Fermionic Dark Matter Absorption from Radiochemical Solar-Neutrino Measurements

We study multipartite entanglement in typical pure states holographically dual to pure BTZ black holes, using multientropy and its “genuine” version. In the bulk, these quantities are computed by minimal geodesic networks (so-called Steiner trees). We find that at sufficiently high temperature, the genuine tripartite multientropy exhibits a volume-law scaling in sharp contrast to vacuum AdS <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0003' notation='LaTeX'>$_3$</tex-math></inline-formula>, where the genuine contribution is universal and size independent. Moreover, we find another phase: once one subsystem exceeds half of the total system, the leading genuine tripartite entanglement vanishes and reduces to that for global AdS <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0004' notation='LaTeX'>${}_3$</tex-math></inline-formula>. This transition is indeed consistent with recent arguments for distillable Einstein&#8211;Podolsky&#8211;Rosen pairs in tripartite Haar-random states. Motivated by finite-cutoff holography, we further study the radial cutoff dependence of multientropy and show that genuine multientropy acquires nontrivial size dependence even for the tripartite case in AdS <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0005' notation='LaTeX'>${}_3$</tex-math></inline-formula>. As a byproduct, we also observe an intriguing &#8220;area-law&#8221; contribution to multientropy that is relevant to vacuum AdS <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0006' notation='LaTeX'>${}_3$</tex-math></inline-formula>.

Takanori Anegawa

Shota Suzuki

Kotaro Tamaoka

Black Holes as a Multipartite Entanglers: Multientropy in AdS 3/CFT 2

If a gauge field in quantum chromodynamics (QCD) has a singularity of the Dirac type, the non-Abelian Bianchi identity is violated. The violation of the non-Abelian Bianchi identity (VNABI) <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0001' notation='LaTeX'>$J_{\mu }(x)$</tex-math></inline-formula> is equal to 8 degenerate Abelian magnetic monopole currents <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0002' notation='LaTeX'>$k^a_{\mu }(x)\ \ (a=1\sim 8)$</tex-math></inline-formula>. Abelian monopoles could exist without any artificial Abelian projection. When <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0003' notation='LaTeX'>$J_{\mu }$</tex-math></inline-formula> condenses in the vacuum as suggested in lattice QCD simulations, color confinement of QCD is realized by the Abelian dual Meissner effect. It is important to study the effect of VNABI besides the role of the color confinement mechanism. It is found that VNABI affects topological features of QCD. Firstly, the topological charge density <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0004' notation='LaTeX'>$\rho _t(x)=\text{Tr}G_{\mu \nu }(x)G^{*}_{\mu \nu }(x)$</tex-math></inline-formula> is not expressed by a total derivative of the Chern&#8211;Simons density <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0005' notation='LaTeX'>$K_{\mu }(x)$</tex-math></inline-formula>, but has an additional term <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0006' notation='LaTeX'>$L(x)= 2\text{Tr}(J_{\mu }(x)A_\mu (x))$</tex-math></inline-formula>, i.e. <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0007' notation='LaTeX'>$\partial _\mu K_\mu (x)=(g^2/16\pi ^2)(\rho _t(x)-L(x))$</tex-math></inline-formula>. Secondly, the axial <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0008' notation='LaTeX'>$U(1)$</tex-math></inline-formula> anomaly is similarly modified as <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0009' notation='LaTeX'>$\partial _{\mu }j_{\mu }^5(x)=2m\bar{\psi }(x)\gamma _5\psi (x)+(g^2/8\pi ^2)(\rho _t(x)-L(x))$</tex-math></inline-formula> while the Atiyah&#8211;Singer index theorem is formally unchanged. However, the integrated term <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0010' notation='LaTeX'>$\Lambda =(g^2/16\pi ^2)\int d^4xL(x)$</tex-math></inline-formula> is seemingly neither integer nor gauge-invariant. Hence, if <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0011' notation='LaTeX'>$\Lambda$</tex-math></inline-formula> remains nonzero, VNABI is not allowed in QCD. Abelian monopoles as VNABI are regarded as a generalization of the Dirac monopole to a <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0012' notation='LaTeX'>$U(1)$</tex-math></inline-formula> subgroup in non-Abelian gauge theories as discussed by Wu&#8211;Yang. When we make use of similar arguments, the additional term <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0013' notation='LaTeX'>$\Lambda$</tex-math></inline-formula> is proved to vanish theoretically. We also evaluate the term <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0014' notation='LaTeX'>$\Lambda$</tex-math></inline-formula> in the framework of Monte-Carlo simulations on <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0015' notation='LaTeX'>$24^4$</tex-math></inline-formula> lattices at the lattice spacing between <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0016' notation='LaTeX'>$0.05\sim 0.17$</tex-math></inline-formula> fm adopting a tadpole-improved <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0017' notation='LaTeX'>$SU(2)$</tex-math></inline-formula> gluonic action. To reduce ultraviolet fluctuations, we introduce a partial gauge fixing like the Maximal Center gauge. The term <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0018' notation='LaTeX'>$\Lambda$</tex-math></inline-formula> is largely fluctuating around zero and <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0019' notation='LaTeX'>$|\Lambda |$</tex-math></inline-formula> decreases as <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0020' notation='LaTeX'>$\beta$</tex-math></inline-formula> becomes larger. Then the gradient flow method is applied. The term <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0021' notation='LaTeX'>$\Lambda$</tex-math></inline-formula> tends to vanish rapidly after small gradient flow time <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0022' notation='LaTeX'>$t_{\rm flow}$</tex-math></inline-formula>. This suggests that the term <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0023' notation='LaTeX'>$\Lambda$</tex-math></inline-formula> becomes zero in the continuum limit. Hence, VNABI could exist in QCD. The biggest effect of VNABI on QCD topology seems to be that self-dual instantons cannot be a classical solution of QCD at space-time points where VNABI occurs. One has to find an alternative mechanism explaining integer topological charge etc. A new interesting relation is derived with respect to the topological charge. When <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0024' notation='LaTeX'>$\Lambda =0$</tex-math></inline-formula>, an Abelian counter term <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0025' notation='LaTeX'>$Q_a\equiv (g^2/16\pi ^2)\int d^4x \text{Tr}(f_{\mu \nu }f_{\mu \nu }^{*})$</tex-math></inline-formula> written by Abelian field strengths is proved theoretically to satisfy <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0026' notation='LaTeX'>$Q_a = 3 Q_t$</tex-math></inline-formula> where <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0027' notation='LaTeX'>$Q_t=(g^2/16\pi ^2)\int d^4x \rho _t(x)$</tex-math></inline-formula>. The fact suggests that the Abelian magnetic and electric fields in the presence of <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0028' notation='LaTeX'>$J_{\mu }$</tex-math></inline-formula> condensation could have a role in explaining the topological charge <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0029' notation='LaTeX'>$Q_t$</tex-math></inline-formula> in place of instantons.

Tsuneo Suzuki

Violation of non-Abelian Bianchi Identity and QCD Topology

We study theoretically the structure and formation of the deeply bound <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0002' notation='LaTeX'>$\bar{p}$</tex-math></inline-formula> atoms. We find that the widths of the atomic states are narrower than the level spacing even for deeply bound states so that well isolated deeply bound <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0003' notation='LaTeX'>$\bar{p}$</tex-math></inline-formula> atoms are expected to exist. We also find <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0004' notation='LaTeX'>$\bar{p}$</tex-math></inline-formula> nuclear states with huge widths. For the observation of deep <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0005' notation='LaTeX'>${\bar{p}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> atomic states, we investigate theoretically the <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0006' notation='LaTeX'>$(\bar{p}, p)$</tex-math></inline-formula> reactions for <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0007' notation='LaTeX'>$^{12}$</tex-math></inline-formula>C, <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0008' notation='LaTeX'>$^{16}$</tex-math></inline-formula>O, and <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0009' notation='LaTeX'>$^{31}$</tex-math></inline-formula>P target nuclei. We find that the momentum transfer of the <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0010' notation='LaTeX'>$( {\bar{p}},p)$</tex-math></inline-formula> reaction is small and the formation of <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0011' notation='LaTeX'>${\bar{p}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> atomic states can be observed as discrete peak structures in the <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0012' notation='LaTeX'>$( {\bar{p}},p)$</tex-math></inline-formula> spectrum. We conclude that <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0013' notation='LaTeX'>$(\bar{p}, p)$</tex-math></inline-formula> reactions are very well suited to <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0014' notation='LaTeX'>$\bar{p}$</tex-math></inline-formula> atom formation and the spectra of the reaction are expected to provide valuable new information on <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0015' notation='LaTeX'>${\bar{p}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> atoms and the <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0016' notation='LaTeX'>${\bar{p}}$</tex-math></inline-formula>&#8211;nucleus interaction.

N Miyazaki

J Yamagata-Sekihara

S Hirenzaki

Structure and Formation of the Deeply Bound <italic>&#175;p</italic> Atoms

In this letter, we construct an explicit rephasing transformation that converts an arbitrary unitary matrix into the Kobayashi–Maskawa (KM) parametrization and identify all independent CP phases in the mixing matrix as the arguments of its matrix elements. Furthermore, by applying this rephasing transformation to the fermion diagonalization matrices <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0001' notation='LaTeX'>$U^{\nu , e}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, we show that the Majorana phases are represented by fermion-specific phases <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0002' notation='LaTeX'>$\delta ^{\nu , e}_{\rm KM}$</tex-math></inline-formula> and their relative phases. In particular, by neglecting the 3-1 elements <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0003' notation='LaTeX'>$U_{31}^{\nu ,e}$</tex-math></inline-formula> of the diagonalization matrices for the two fermions, the KM phase <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0004' notation='LaTeX'>$\delta _{\rm KM}$</tex-math></inline-formula> is concisely expressed as <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0005' notation='LaTeX'>$\delta _{\rm KM} = \arg \left[1 + ({U^{e * }_{21} U^{\nu }_{21} / U^{e * }_{11} U^{\nu }_{11} }) \right] + \arg \left[ - { U_{32}^{e *} U_{32}^{\nu } / U^{e * }_{22} U^{\nu }_{22} } \right]$</tex-math></inline-formula> by fermion-specific rephasing invariants representing two relative phases.

Masaki J S Yang

Explicit Rephasing to Kobayashi–Maskawa Representation and Fundamental Phase Structure of CP Violation

In this analysis, we examine the angular distribution of low-mass dimuon pairs produced in simulated electron–positron collisions at the proposed International Linear Collider (ILC), which operates at a center-of-mass energy of 500 GeV and has an integrated luminosity of 4 ab <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0003' notation='LaTeX'>$^{-1}$</tex-math></inline-formula>. Our focus is on the <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0004' notation='LaTeX'>$\cos\theta _{\text{CS}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> variable, which is defined in the Collins&#8211;Soper frame. In the Standard Model, the production of low-mass dimuon pairs is primarily driven by the Drell&#8211;Yan process, which exhibits a notable forward&#8211;backward asymmetry. However, many scenarios beyond the Standard Model predict different shapes for the <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0005' notation='LaTeX'>$\cos\theta _{\text{CS}}$</tex-math></inline-formula> distribution. This angular distribution can be valuable for distinguishing between these models, especially in the event of observing excesses beyond the Standard Model expectations. We utilized the mono-Z <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0006' notation='LaTeX'>$^{\prime }$</tex-math></inline-formula> model to interpret the simulated data. In the absence of any discoveries of new physics, we establish upper limits at the 95% confidence level on the masses of various particles in the model, which includes the spin-1 <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0007' notation='LaTeX'>$\mathrm{Z}^{\prime }$</tex-math></inline-formula> boson and fermionic dark matter.

Egypt

S Elgammal

Spin Identification of the Mono-Z′ Resonance in Muon-Pair Production at the ILC with Simulated Electron–Positron Collisions at √s = 500 GeV

We study a quasi-two-zero neutrino texture based on a type-II seesaw model with modular <inline-formula><tex-math id='TM0002' notation='LaTeX'>$A_4$</tex-math></inline-formula> symmetry to evade the cosmological bound on the sum of neutrino masses while keeping some predictability in the neutrino sector. Working on three fixed points for the modulus, we discuss predictions of the model and show the allowed points satisfying the cosmological bound on neutrino mass from both cosmic microwave background (CMB) and CMB + baryon acoustic oscillation data.