We investigate thermodynamics of a non-interacting quantum field in a static black hole background. The horizon divergences are regulated by the brick wall method, which consists of subjecting the quantum field to Dirichlet boundary conditions on a surface (the brick wall) just outside the horizon. Using heat kernel and Mellin transform methods, we derive high-temperature expansions for the free energy and entropy and study the boundary and higher-order geometric effects on the horizon divergences induced by the brick wall. We consider real scalar, complex scalar, and Dirac fields in Schwarzschild, Reissner–Nordström and dilatonic black hole backgrounds, as well as in their near-horizon geometries. By evaluating the high-temperature expansion of the entropy (up to a certain order) at the Hawking temperature, we show that, for a given field type, the leading horizon divergence is the same for all the metrics considered. Moreover, we show that the different orders in the high-temperature expansion become comparable at the Hawking temperature and compare our findings with existing results in the literature. We derive an explicit formula for the sub-leading horizon divergence expressed in terms of the field mass, surface gravity, horizon area, and dilaton parameter, which is applicable to all the exact metrics considered. We also consider the possibility of using Neumann boundary conditions to regularize the horizon divergences.

Türkiye

Emine Ertuğrul

Birses Debir

Levent Akant

Boundary effects on the thermodynamics of quantum fields near a static black hole

In this work I study the finite temperature Casimir effect caused by a complex and massive scalar field that breaks Lorentz invariance in a CPT-even, aether-like manner. The Lorentz invariance breaking is caused by a constant space-like vector directly coupled to higher order field derivatives. This vector needs to be space-like in order to avoid non-causality problems that will arise with a time-like vector. I investigate the two scenarios of the scalar field satisfying either Dirichlet or mixed boundary conditions on a pair of flat parallel plates. I use the generalized zeta function technique that enables me to obtain the Helmholtz free energy and the Casimir pressure when the Casimir plates are in thermal equilibrium with a heat reservoir at finite temperature. I investigate two different directions of the unit vector, parallel and perpendicular to the plates. I examine both scenarios for both types of boundary conditions and, in both cases and for the two different boundary conditions, I obtain simple analytic expressions of the Casimir energy and pressure in the three asymptotic limits of small plate distance, high temperature, and large mass, examining all combinations of boundary conditions, unit vector direction, and asymptotic limits.

United States

Andrea Erdas

Finite temperature Casimir effect of a Lorentz-violating scalar with higher order derivatives

In this paper we present the first measurement of a Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) crystal as a scintillating calorimeter with dual heat and light readout within the DAREDEVIL project. The experimental setup features a 4.3 g GaAs ( GaAs-1) crystal, operated at approximately 10 mK coupled with a Neutron Transmutation Doped (NTD) thermal sensor for phonon detection and an auxiliary calorimeter for the detection of scintillation light. For the GaAs-1 crystal, a baseline resolution of 121 ± 2 eV has been achieved. While, with a 3.5 g GaAs (GaAs-2) crystal an even better baseline resolution of 44.5 ± 0.8 eV was achieved. Alpha and X-ray calibration sources were used to study the scintillation light response to different types of interacting radiation. The GaAs crystal exhibits a strong particle discrimination capability based on the emitted scintillation light, featuring a light yield (LY) of 0.9 ± 0.2 keV/MeV for $$\alpha $$ induced events and 0.07 ± 0.01 keV/MeV for $$\beta $$ / $$\gamma $$ events, both measured at 1 MeV. The unusual luminescence behavior, i.e. more light being produced under irradiation by $$\alpha $$ particles warrants further investigation, particularly due to its potential to enhance sensitivity to low-energy nuclear recoils from light dark matter scattering.

Italy

A. Melchiorre

D. Helis

A. Puiu

G. Benato

P. Carniti

I. Colantoni

A. Continenza

N. Marco

A. Ferella

C. Ferrari

F. Giannessi

C. Gotti

E. Monticone

S. Nagorny

France

E. Olivieri

L. Pagnanini

G. Pessina

C. Petrucci

S. Pirro

A. Prajapati

G. Profeta

M. Rajteri

P. Settembri

A. Shaikina

C. Tresca

D. Trotta

First measurement of GaAs as a scintillating calorimeter: achievements and prospects

We derive and analyze a Schwarzschild-like Anti-de Sitter (AdS) (BH) obtained as a static, spherically symmetric solution of Einstein’s equations sourced by a cloud of strings (CoS) and a dark matter (DM) halo modeled by a Dehnen-type density profile. We first study the geodesic motion of massless and massive test particles, emphasizing how the CoS parameter $$\alpha $$ and the DM halo parameters $$(\rho _s,r_s)$$ influence photon spheres, circular orbits, the BH shadow, and the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO). We then examine scalar perturbations via the effective potential and the associated quasinormal-mode (QNM) spectra, showing how $$\alpha $$ and $$(\rho _s,r_s)$$ deform oscillation frequencies and damping rates, thereby affecting stability diagnostics. Furthermore, we investigate the thermodynamics in the extended phase space, deriving the Hawking temperature, equation of state, Gibbs free energy, and specific heat capacity, and establishing a consistent first law and Smarr relation with natural work terms for $$\alpha $$ and $$(\rho _s,r_s).$$ We find that the interplay between the CoS and the DM halo produces quantitative and sometimes qualitative changes in both dynamical and thermodynamic properties, including shifts in the Hawking–Page transition and heat-capacity divergences, thereby reshaping the phase structure of Schwarzschild–AdS BHs.

India

Faizuddin Ahmed

Algeria

Abdelmalek Bouzenada

Brazil

Edilberto Silva

AdS black hole solution with a dark matter halo surrounded by a cloud of strings

In the present work, we perform a combined analysis of the cross sections for $$e^+ e^- \rightarrow K^+ K^-$$ and $$e^+ e^- \rightarrow K_S^0 K_L^0$$ by including the interference between direct coupling process and resonance intermediate process. When setting the isospin factor as a free parameter, we can well reproduce the structures in the cross sections for $$e^+ e^- \rightarrow K^+ K^-$$ and $$e^+ e^- \rightarrow K_S^0 K_L^0,$$ however, the isospin factor deviates with the isospin symmetry conservation predicted value of one. By fixing the isospin factor to be one, we find the cross sections for $$e^+ e^-\rightarrow K^+ K^-$$ can be accurately fitted, while the same model parameters fail to adequately reproduce the observed cross section for the process $$e^+ e^- \rightarrow K_S^0 K_L^0,$$ which indicate that there should be contributions from other vector meson states, such as $$\rho (2150)$$ and $$\omega (2220).$$ The combined analysis with $$\phi (2170),$$ $$\omega (2220)$$ and $$\rho (2150)$$ indicate that the inclusion of $$\rho (2150)$$ can improve the descriptions of the cross sections for $$e^+ e^-\rightarrow K^+ K^-$$ and $$e^+ e^- \rightarrow K_S^0 K_L^0.$$

China

Dian-Yong Chen

Jing Liu

Yu Bai

Chun-Hua Liu

Wen-Biao Yan

Zhao-Xia Meng

A combined analysis of $\textit{Y}$(2240) in the $$e^+ e^- \rightarrow K^+ K^-$$ and $$e^+ e^- \rightarrow K_S^0 K_L^0$$ processes

We investigate thermal properties of a <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>U</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math> lattice gauge theory in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></math> dimensions through real-time simulations. We extract the spectral functions directly coupling to the pseudoscalar and scalar mesons, demonstrating the thermal modifications of these states with increasing temperatures. Introducing the notion of energy-flow operators, we quantify the temporal buildup of correlations in the energy flows across the lattice. We demonstrate that energy-energy correlators fail to factorize to products of energy flows, both in the vacuum and at nonzero temperature, indicating the presence of nontrivial correlations in the quantum states. Our results constitute a first real-time ab initio study of bound-state thermal broadening and finite temperature energy-flow correlations in a gauge theory, providing a benchmark for future studies of hadronic matter under extreme conditions.

CERN

João Barata

David Frenklakh

Swagato Mukherjee

Thermal modifications of mesons and energy-energy correlators from real-time simulations of a <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><mi>U</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></math> lattice gauge theory

We perform a theoretical study of the decay process <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi mathvariant="normal">ϒ</mi><mo stretchy="false">→</mo><msup><mi>D</mi><mo>−</mo></msup><msup><mover accent="true"><mi>B</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mn>0</mn></msup><msubsup><mi>D</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>+</mo></msubsup></math> in search of the doubly heavy tetraquark states <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>T</mi><mrow><mi>b</mi><mi>c</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>s</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover></mrow></msub></math> with quark content <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>b</mi><mi>c</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>s</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mover accent="true"><mi>d</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover></math>. These <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>T</mi><mrow><mi>b</mi><mi>c</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>s</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover></mrow></msub></math> states are assumed to be dynamically generated molecular states from the S-wave interactions between <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>B</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>s</mi><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo>*</mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></msubsup><msup><mi>D</mi><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo>*</mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msup><mover accent="true"><mi>B</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo>*</mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></msup><msubsup><mi>D</mi><mi>s</mi><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo>*</mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>+</mo></mrow></msubsup></math> meson pairs. Based on the total angular momentum and the type of the constituent mesons (pseudoscalars <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>P</mi></math> or vectors <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>V</mi></math>), they are labeled as <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msubsup><mi>T</mi><mrow><mi>b</mi><mi>c</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>s</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mi>P</mi><mi>P</mi></mrow></msubsup></math>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msubsup><mi>T</mi><mrow><mi>b</mi><mi>c</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>s</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mi>V</mi><mi>V</mi></mrow></msubsup></math>, and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msubsup><mi>T</mi><mrow><mi>b</mi><mi>c</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>s</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>,</mo><mi>V</mi><mi>V</mi></mrow></msubsup></math>, respectively. The <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msup><mover accent="true"><mi>B</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mn>0</mn></msup><msubsup><mi>D</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>+</mo></msubsup></math> invariant mass distribution for this decay is calculated using current algebra, incorporating contributions from <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>T</mi><mrow><mi>b</mi><mi>c</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>s</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover></mrow></msub></math> states arising from final-state interactions. Our results reveal a clear peak structure in the 7415–7425 MeV region, which is attributed to the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msubsup><mi>T</mi><mrow><mi>b</mi><mi>c</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>s</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>,</mo><mi>V</mi><mi>V</mi></mrow></msubsup></math> state. Additionally, a distinct dip structure appears near the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msup><mover accent="true"><mi>B</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mrow><mo>*</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></msup><msubsup><mi>D</mi><mi>s</mi><mrow><mo>*</mo><mo>+</mo></mrow></msubsup></math> threshold, characteristic of the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msubsup><mi>T</mi><mrow><mi>b</mi><mi>c</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>s</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mo>,</mo><mi>V</mi><mi>V</mi></mrow></msubsup></math> as a hadronic molecular state. A near-threshold enhancement associated with the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msubsup><mi>T</mi><mrow><mi>b</mi><mi>c</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>s</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mi>P</mi><mi>P</mi></mrow></msubsup></math> state and a dip arising from the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msubsup><mi>T</mi><mrow><mi>b</mi><mi>c</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>s</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mi>V</mi><mi>V</mi></mrow></msubsup></math> state are also identified, though the manifestation of these features depends sensitively on model parameter fine-tuning. Therefore, with increased experimental statistics, the decay channel <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi mathvariant="normal">ϒ</mi><mo stretchy="false">→</mo><msup><mi>D</mi><mo>−</mo></msup><msup><mover accent="true"><mi>B</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mn>0</mn></msup><msubsup><mi>D</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>+</mo></msubsup></math> offers a promising avenue for discovering and characterizing the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>T</mi><mrow><mi>b</mi><mi>c</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>s</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover></mrow></msub></math> states.

Wen-Ying Liu

Hua-Xing Chen

<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>T</mi><mrow><mi>b</mi><mi>c</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>s</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover></mrow></msub></math> states in the process <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi mathvariant="normal">ϒ</mi><mo stretchy="false">→</mo><msup><mi>D</mi><mo>−</mo></msup><msup><mover accent="true"><mi>B</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mn>0</mn></msup><msubsup><mi>D</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>+</mo></msubsup></math>

We investigate static and dynamical aspects of string breaking in a <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math> lattice gauge theory coupled to Kogut-Susskind staggered fermions. Using tensor network simulations, we demonstrate that the static potential as well as the site-resolved configuration of the matter sites and gauge links allows us to identify the regimes in which string breaking occurs. Furthermore, we develop a variational quantum eigensolver that allows for reliably preparing the ground state of the theory in both the absence and presence of static charges and to capture the static aspects of the phenomenon. Carrying out state preparation on real quantum hardware for up to 19 qubits, we demonstrate its suitability for current quantum devices. In addition, we study the real-time dynamics of a flux tube between two static charges using both tensor networks and quantum hardware. Using a trotterization for the time-evolution operator, we are able to show that the breaking process starts with the creation of charges inside the string. These eventually redistribute toward the static charges and screen them, which leads to the breaking of the flux tube.

Cyprus

Constantia Alexandrou

Andreas Athenodorou

Kostas Blekos

Georgios Polykratis

Germany

Stefan Kühn

Realizing string breaking dynamics in a <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi mathvariant="double-struck">Z</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math> lattice gauge theory on quantum hardware

We analyze the vacuum fluctuations and the stress-energy tensor of a scalar field of mass <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>M</mi></math> in a conical spacetime, where the topological singularity at the apex requires boundary conditions for the field equation. The necessity of boundary conditions was established by Kay and Studer in the early 1990s, while for <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>M</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></math> stability is achieved only under Dirichlet boundary conditions, and for <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>M</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>q</mi></math> the field is stable and a localized mode emerges. This mode admits a natural interpretation as a covariant model of an extended particle detector, which allows us to investigate how such detectors modify the local vacuum structure. In this framework, the renormalized stress-energy tensor offers a natural way to quantify the influence of the detector on the surrounding spacetime.

João Paulo M. Pitelli

Ricardo A. Mosna

Victor H.M. Ramos

João C.A. Barata

Vacuum fluctuations and the renormalized stress-energy tensor on a cone with arbitrary boundary conditions

We investigate the electromagnetic properties of the axial-vector molecular states <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msup><mi>D</mi><mo>*</mo></msup><mi>K</mi></math>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>D</mi><msup><mi>K</mi><mo>*</mo></msup></math>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msup><mi>B</mi><mo>*</mo></msup><mi>K</mi></math>, and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>B</mi><msup><mi>K</mi><mo>*</mo></msup></math>, which are used to model the charmed states <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msubsup><mi>D</mi><mrow><mi>s</mi><mn>1</mn></mrow><mo>+</mo></msubsup><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>2460</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msubsup><mi>D</mi><mrow><mi>s</mi><mn>1</mn></mrow><mo>+</mo></msubsup><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>2536</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math>, and their bottom partners with quantum numbers <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msup><mi>J</mi><mi>P</mi></msup><mo>=</mo><msup><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo></msup></math>. To our knowledge, this presents the first comprehensive calculation of the magnetic and quadrupole moments for these specific molecular configurations. Employing the QCD light-cone sum rule method with molecular-type interpolating currents, we compute these moments and perform a detailed flavor decomposition to reveal the internal distribution of the electromagnetic charge and spin. Our results demonstrate that the light up and down quarks dominate the electromagnetic response, with negligible contributions from the heavy quarks. The <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msup><mi>D</mi><mo>*</mo></msup><mi>K</mi></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msup><mi>B</mi><mo>*</mo></msup><mi>K</mi></math> states exhibit negative quadrupole moments and slightly oblate charge distributions, whereas the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>D</mi><msup><mi>K</mi><mo>*</mo></msup></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>B</mi><msup><mi>K</mi><mo>*</mo></msup></math> states possess positive quadrupole moments and prolate distributions, with significant contributions from the strange quark. The predicted moments provide benchmarks for lattice QCD calculations and are testable through their influence on radiative transitions and photo- and electroproduction observables at high-luminosity facilities, offering crucial insights into the internal structure and nature of these axial-vector states.

Ulaş Özdem

Electromagnetic properties of the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msubsup><mi>D</mi><mrow><mi>s</mi><mn>1</mn></mrow><mo>+</mo></msubsup><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>2460</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msubsup><mi>D</mi><mrow><mi>s</mi><mn>1</mn></mrow><mo>+</mo></msubsup><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>2536</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math>, and their bottom partners in a molecular configuration