<p>We introduce a generative AI model to obtain type IIB brane configurations that realize toric phases of a family of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><mn>4</mn><mi>D</mi></mrow></math> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi mathvariant="script">N</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></math> supersymmetric gauge theories. These <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mn>4</mn><mi>D</mi></math> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi mathvariant="script">N</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></math> quiver gauge theories are world volume theories of a D3-brane probing a toric Calabi-Yau 3-fold. The type IIB brane configurations are given by the coamoeba projection of the mirror curve associated with the toric Calabi-Yau 3-fold. The shape of the mirror curve and its coamoeba projection, as well as the corresponding type IIB brane configuration and the toric phase of the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mn>4</mn><mi>d</mi></math> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi mathvariant="script">N</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></math> theory, all depend on the complex structure moduli parametrizing the mirror curve. We train a generative AI model, a conditional variational autoencoder (CVAE), that takes a choice of complex structure moduli as input and generates the corresponding coamoeba. This enables us not only to obtain a high-resolution representation of the entire phase space for a family of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mn>4</mn><mi>D</mi></math> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi mathvariant="script">N</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></math> theories corresponding to the same toric Calabi-Yau 3-fold, but also to continuously track the movements of the mirror curve and the branes wrapping the curve in the corresponding type IIB brane configurations during phase transitions associated with Seiberg duality.</p>

South Korea

Rak-Kyeong Seong

Generative AI for brane configurations and coamoeba

Recently, DESI has released baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) data, and DES has also published its 5-year supernova (SN) data. These observations, combined with cosmic microwave background (CMB) data, support a dynamically evolving dark energy at a high confidence level. When using cosmological observations to weigh neutrinos, the results will be significantly affected by the measurement of dark energy due to the degeneracy between neutrino mass and the dark-energy equation of state. Therefore, we need to understand how the dynamical evolution of dark energy in the current situation will affect the measurement of neutrino mass. In this work, we utilize these latest observations and other additional distance measurements to discuss the mutual influence between neutrinos and dark energy, then calculate the Bayes factor to compare models. We consider three neutrino mass hierarchies, namely degenerate hierarchy (DH), normal hierarchy (NH), and inverted hierarchy (IH), as well as three dark energy models including $$\Lambda {\textrm{CDM}},$$ $$w{\textrm{CDM}},$$ and $$w_0w_a {\textrm{CDM}}$$ models. We find that cosmological data combined with the prior of particle physics experiments can provide strong to decisive evidence favoring the $$w_0w_a {{\textrm{CDM}}}+\sum m_\nu $$ model with NH. In the $$w_0w_a {\textrm{CDM}}$$ model, using the CMB+DESI+DESY5 data, we obtain constraints on the total neutrino mass, $$\sum m_\nu <0.171~{\textrm{eV}},\ 0.204~{\textrm{eV}},\ 0.220~{\textrm{eV}},$$ for DH, NH, and IH, respectively. Furthermore, taking into account the neutrino hierarchy or incorporating additional distance measurements results in a more pronounced deviation from the $$\Lambda $$ CDM model for dark energy. The latter, in particular, exhibits a deviation at a confidence level that surpasses $$4\sigma .$$

China

Guo-Hong Du

Peng-Ju Wu

Tian-Nuo Li

Xin Zhang

Impacts of dark energy on weighing neutrinos after DESI BAO

In this work, we propose to utilize the observed ratio of spherically-averaged distance to the sound horizon scale from Baryon Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) data to test the cosmic distance duality relation (CDDR) by comparing the luminosity distances (LDs) obtained from Type Ia supernovae (SNIa) observations with angular diameter distances (ADDs) derived from these ratio measurements, using a cosmological-model-independent method. To match the LDs with the ADDs at the identical redshifts, we employ two methods: a compressed form of the Pantheon sample and a hybrid approach that combines the binning method with an artificial neural network (ANN). The Hubble parameter ( ) at any redshift is reconstructed from the observed Hubble parameter data with the ANN to derive the ADD. To avoid potential biases resulted from the specific prior values of the absolute magnitude $$M_{\textrm{B}}$$ of SNIa and the sound horizon scale $$r_{\textrm{d}}$$ from BAO measurements, we introduce the fiducial parameter $$\kappa \equiv 10^{M_{\textrm{B}} \over 5}\, r_{\textrm{d}}^{3 \over 2} $$ and marginalize their impacts by treating them as nuisance parameters with flat prior distributions in our statistical analysis. Subsequently, we update the measurements of ratio of the transverse comoving distance to the sound horizon scale from the latest BAO data released by the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) collaboration for CDDR testing. Our results indicate that BAO observation provides a powerful tool for testing the CDDR, independent of both the absolute magnitude $$M_{\textrm{B}}$$ and sound horizon scale $$r_{\textrm{d}}$$ , as well as any cosmological model.

Fan Yang

Xiangyun Fu

Bing Xu

Kaituo Zhang

Yang Huang

Ying Yang

Testing the cosmic distance duality relation using Type Ia supernovae and BAO observations

Quantitatively connecting properties of parton distribution functions (PDFs, or parton densities) to the theoretical assumptions made within the QCD analyses which produce them has been a longstanding problem in HEP phenomenology. To confront this challenge, we introduce an ML-based explainability framework, XAI4PDF, to classify PDFs by parton flavor or underlying theoretical model using ResNet-like neural networks (NNs). By leveraging the differentiable nature of ResNet models, this approach deploys guided backpropagation to dissect relevant features of fitted PDFs, identifying x-dependent signatures of PDFs important to the ML model classifications. By applying our framework, we are able to sort PDFs according to the analysis which produced them while constructing quantitative, human-readable maps locating the x regions most affected by the internal theory assumptions going into each analysis. This technique expands the toolkit available to PDF analysis and adjacent particle phenomenology while pointing to promising generalizations.

United States

Brandon Kriesten

Jonathan Gomprecht

T. Hobbs

Explainable AI classification for parton density theory

In recent years, neural network-based classification has been used to improve data analysis at collider experiments. While this strategy proves to be hugely successful, the underlying models are not commonly shared with the public and rely on experiment-internal data as well as full detector simulations. We show a concrete implementation of a newly proposed strategy, so-called Classifier Surrogates, to be trained inside the experiments, that only utilise publicly accessible features and truth information. These surrogates approximate the original classifier distribution, and can be shared with the public. Subsequently, such a model can be evaluated by sampling the classification output from high-level information without requiring a sophisticated detector simulation. Technically, we show that continuous normalizing flows are a suitable generative architecture that can be efficiently trained to sample classification results using conditional flow matching. We further demonstrate that these models can be easily extended by Bayesian uncertainties to indicate their degree of validity when confronted with unknown inputs by the user. For a concrete example of tagging jets from hadronically decaying top quarks, we demonstrate the application of flows in combination with uncertainty estimation through either inference of a mean-field Gaussian weight posterior, or Monte Carlo sampling network weights.

Germany

Sebastian Bieringer

Gregor Kasieczka

Jan Kieseler

Mathias Trabs

Classifier surrogates: sharing AI-based searches with the world

Several studies in the literature have found a disagreement between compressed data on Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) derived using two distinct methodologies: the two-dimensional (2D, transverse or angular) BAO, which extracts the BAO signal from the analysis of the angular two-point correlation function; and the three-dimensional (3D or anisotropic) BAO, which also exploits the radial clustering signal imprinted on the large-scale structure of the universe. This discrepancy is worrisome, since many of the points contained in these data sets are obtained from the same parent catalogs of tracers and, therefore, we would expect them to be consistent. Since BAO measurements play a pivotal role in the building of the inverse distance ladder, this mismatch impacts the discourse on the Hubble tension and the study of theoretical solutions to the latter. So far, the discrepancy between 2D and 3D BAO has been only pointed out in the context of fitting analyses of cosmological models or parametrizations that, in practice, involve the choice of a concrete calibration of the comoving sound horizon at the baryon-drag epoch. In this Letter, for the first time, we quantify the tension in a much cleaner way, with the aid of apparent magnitudes of supernovae of Type Ia (SNIa) and excluding the radial component of the 3D BAO. We avoid the use of any calibration and cosmological model in the process. At this point we assume that the Etherington (a.k.a distance duality) relation holds. We use state-of-the-art measurements in our analysis, and study how the results change when the angular components of the 3D BAO data from BOSS/eBOSS are substituted by the recent data from DESI Y1. We find the tension to exist at the level of <math><mo>∼</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>σ</mi></math> and <math><mo>∼</mo><mn>2.5</mn><mi>σ</mi></math>, respectively, when the SNIa of the Pantheon+ compilation are used, and at <math><mo>∼</mo><mn>4.6</mn><mi>σ</mi></math> when the latter are replaced with those of DES Y5. In view of these results, we then apply a calibrator-independent method to investigate the robustness of the distance duality relation when analyzed not only with 3D BAO measurements, but also with 2D BAO. This is a test of fundamental physics, which covers, among other aspects, variations of the speed of light with the cosmic expansion or possible interactions between the dark and electromagnetic sectors. We do not find any significant hint for a violation of the cosmic distance duality relation in any of the considered data sets.

Italy

Spain

Arianna Favale

Adrià Gómez-Valent

Marina Migliaccio

Quantification of 2D vs 3D BAO tension using SNIa as a redshift interpolator and test of the Etherington relation

In this work, we test the cosmic distance duality relation (CDDR) by comparing the angular diameter distance (ADD) derived from the transverse Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) data with the luminosity distance (LD) from the Pantheon type Ia supernova (SNIa) sample. The binning method and Gaussian process are employed to match ADD data with LD data at the same redshift. First, we use nonparametric and parametric methods to investigate the impact of the specific prior values of the absolute magnitude  $$M_\textrm{B}$$  <math> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mtext>B</mtext> </msub> </math>   from SNIa observations and the sound horizon scale  $$r_\textrm{s}$$  <math> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mtext>s</mtext> </msub> </math>   from transverse BAO measurements on the CDDR tests. The results obtained from the parametric and non-parametric methods indicate that specific prior values of  $$M_\textrm{B}$$  <math> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mtext>B</mtext> </msub> </math>   and  $$r_\textrm{s}$$  <math> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mtext>s</mtext> </msub> </math>   lead to significant biases on the CDDR test. Then, to avoid these biases, we propose a method independent of  $$M_\textrm{B}$$  <math> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mtext>B</mtext> </msub> </math>   and  $$r_\textrm{s}$$  <math> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mtext>s</mtext> </msub> </math>   to test CDDR by considering the fiducial value of  $$\kappa \equiv 10^{M_\textrm{B} \over 5}r_\textrm{s}$$  <math> <mrow> <mi>κ</mi> <mo>≡</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mtext>B</mtext> </msub> <mn>5</mn> </mfrac> </msup> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mtext>s</mtext> </msub> </mrow> </math>   as a nuisance parameter and then marginalizing its influence with a flat prior in the analysis. No violation of the CDDR is found, and the transverse BAO measurement can be used as a powerful tool to verify the validity of CDDR in the cosmological-model-independent method.

Min Wang

Zhenyan Lu

Testing the cosmic distance duality relation with Type Ia supernova and transverse BAO measurements

The recent local measurements of the Hubble constant <math><msub><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></math>, indicate a significant discrepancy of over 5σ compared to the value inferred from Planck observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). In this paper, we try to test the standard cosmological model ΛCDM by testing the consistency of early and late cosmological parameters in the same observed data. In practice, we simultaneously derive the early and late parameters using baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) measurements, which provide both low and high-redshift information. CMB data are also included in the analysis as a “distance prior”, which tracks the same BAO feature and resolve parameter degeneracy. By using the parameter <math><msub><mrow><mi>ω</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mrow><mi>Ω</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow></msub><msup><mrow><mi>h</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math>, we introduce <math><mrow><mi>ratio</mi></mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>ω</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></math>, defined as the ratio of <math><msub><mrow><mi>ω</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow></msub></math> which are constrained from high and low-redshift measurements respectively, to quantify the consistency between early and late parameters. We obtained a value of <math><mrow><mi>ratio</mi></mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>ω</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>1.0069</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.0070</mn></math>, indicating there is no tension between early parameters and late parameters in the framework of ΛCDM model. As a result, our test does not expose the defects of the ΛCDM model. In addition, we forecast the future BAO measurements of <math><mrow><mi>ratio</mi></mrow><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>ω</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></math>, using several galaxy redshift surveys and 21 cm intensity mapping surveys, and find that these measurements can significantly improve the precision of cosmological parameters.

Guanlin Liu

Yu Wang

Wen Zhao

Testing the consistency of early and late cosmological parameters with BAO and CMB data

We consider exact Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin analysis to a <math><mi>P</mi><mi>T</mi></math> symmetric quantum mechanics defined by the potential, <math><mi>V</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>=</mo><msup><mi>ω</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><mi>g</mi><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>(</mo><mi>i</mi><mi>x</mi><msup><mo>)</mo><mrow><mi>ϵ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math> with <math><mi>ω</mi><mo>∈</mo><msub><mi>R</mi><mrow><mo>≥</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></math>, <math><mi>g</mi><mo>∈</mo><msub><mi>R</mi><mrow><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></math>. We in particular aim to verify a conjecture proposed by Ai-Bender-Sarkar (ABS), that pertains to a relation between <math><mi>D</mi></math>-dimensional <math><mi>P</mi><mi>T</mi></math>-symmetric theories and analytic continuation (AC) of Hermitian theories concerning the energy spectrum or Euclidean partition function. For the purpose, we construct energy quantization conditions by exact Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin analysis and write down their transseries solution by solving the conditions. By performing alien calculus to the energy solutions, we verify validity of the ABS conjecture and seek a possibility of its alternative form by Borel resummation theory if it is violated. Our results claim that the validity of the ABS conjecture drastically changes depending on whether <math><mi>ω</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>0</mn></math> or <math><mi>ω</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></math>: If <math><mi>ω</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>0</mn></math>, then the ABS conjecture is violated when exceeding the semiclassical level of the first nonperturbative order, but its alternative form is constructable by Borel resummation theory. The <math><mi>P</mi><mi>T</mi></math> and the AC energies are related to each other by a one-parameter Stokes automorphism, and a median resummed form, which corresponds to a formal exact solution, of the AC energy (resp. <math><mi>P</mi><mi>T</mi></math> energy) is directly obtained by acting Borel resummation to a transseries solution of the <math><mi>P</mi><mi>T</mi></math> energy (resp. AC energy). If <math><mi>ω</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></math>, then, with respect to the inverse energy level-expansion, not only perturbative/nonperturbative structures of the <math><mi>P</mi><mi>T</mi></math> and the AC energies but also their perturbative parts do not match with each other. These energies are independent solutions, and no alternative form of the ABS conjecture can be reformulated by Borel resummation theory.

Japan

Syo Kamata

Exact WKB analysis for <math><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>T</mi></mrow></math>-symmetric quantum mechanics: Study of the Ai-Bender-Sarkar conjecture

In this work, we studied four types of cosmological models with different mechanisms driving the accelerated expansion of the universe, include Braneworld models, Chaplygin Gas models, Emergent Dark Energy models, and cosmological torsion models. Considering that the dynamics of these models at low redshifts are very similar and difficult to distinguish, we used the latest and largest UV and X-ray measurements of quasars (QSOs) observations covering the range of redshift  $$0.009&lt;z&lt;7.5$$  <math> <mrow> <mn>0.009</mn> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mi>z</mi> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mn>7.5</mn> </mrow> </math>  . However, the high intrinsic dispersion of this sample and the degeneracy between cosmological model parameters, we added 2D-BAO and 3D-BAO datasets to help us constrain the parameters of these cosmological models. Our results suggest that standard cold dark matter scenario may not be the best cosmological model preferred by the high-redshift observations. The Generalized Chaplygin Gas (GCG) and cosmological constant plus torsion (named Case II) models perform best by Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), but the  $$\Lambda $$  <math> <mi>Λ</mi> </math>  CDM is the best cosmological model preferred by Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). Our work also supports that the Phenomenologically Emergent Dark Energy and cosmological torsion models may alleviate the Hubble tension, the reported value of the Hubble constant obtained from QSO+BAO datasets combination lies between Planck 2018 observations and local measurements from the SH0ES collaboration, while other cosmological models all support that the Hubble constant tends to be closer to recent Planck 2018 results, but these model are penalized by information criterion.

Ziqiang Liu

Tonghua Liu

Xinyi Zhong

Yifei Xu

Xiaogang Zheng

Constraining on the non-standard cosmological models combining the observations of high-redshift quasars and BAO