We present an investigation on cosmological implications resulting from spontaneous dark $ S U(2)_d $ symmetry breaking in conjunction with the Witten effect. Furthermore, we examine the mass of hidden monopoles generated by phase transition as well as the impact of axion-monopole interactions on the axion mass. Following spontaneous breaking of the PQ symmetry, axions emitted by cosmic strings or domain walls as well as hidden monopoles generated during this transition may collectively contribute to the observed dark matter relic density. Additionally, the stochastic gravitational wave background generated by sub-GeV phase transitions and by the decay of axionic domain walls formed during sub-ZeV phase transitions could account for the low-frequency gravitational wave signals detected by PTA experiments.

China

Ruiyu Zhou

Ligong Bian

Gravitational waves and dark matter with Witten effect * Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFC2203004). Ruiyu Zhou is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12305109, 12147102), Chongqing Natural Science Foundation project (CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0534), and Science and Technology Research Project of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission (KJQN202300614). Ligong Bian is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12322505, 12347101). Ligong Bian also acknowledges Chongqing Natural Science Foundation (CSTB2024NSCQ-JQX0022) and Chongqing Talents: Exceptional Young Talents Project (cstc2024ycjhbgzxm0020).

The neutrino floor, a theoretical sensitivity limit for dark matter (DM) direct detection, is being redefined as the boundary of a dynamic ''neutrino fog,'' where neutrino signals become inevitable, obscuring DM detection due to statistical and systematic uncertainties. This study provides the first site-specific analysis of the neutrino floor at China Jinping Underground Laboratory (CJPL), leveraging its unique geographic and environmental characteristics. We quantify how CJPL’s suppressed atmospheric neutrino flux (approximately 30% lower than that of Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS)) reshapes the neutrino floor, thereby enabling improved sensitivity to high-mass WIMPs (mass > 10 GeV). Using a gradient-based framework, we derive the CJPL’s neutrino floor and estimate the detection prospects for the PandaX-xT experiment. Our results demonstrate that a 500 tonne-year exposure with PandaX-xT could reach the floor, probing spin independent cross-sections down to $ \sigma_{n}\sim 3\times 10^{-49}\; {\rm{cm}}^2$ at a DM mass of 70 GeV/$\textit{c}$ $^{2}$.

Yingjie Fan

Xuewen Liu

Ning Zhou

Characterizing the CJPL’s site-specific neutrino floor as the neutrino fog boundary * Xuewen Liu is supported by the Project of Shandong Province Higher Educational Science and Technology Program (2022KJ271). Ning Zhou is supported by National Science Foundation of China (12325505)

In this study, we investigate the $R^2$ corrections to the dissociation of heavy quarkonium in the Gauss-Bonnet gravitational background. We analyze the impact of the Gauss-Bonnet parameter $\lambda_{\rm GB}$ on the spectral function of charmonium and bottomonium and examine the effect of $\lambda_{\rm GB}$ on the dissociation of heavy quarkonium. Our results show that $\lambda_{\rm GB}$ reduces the peak height and increases the peak width of the spectral function, suggesting that $\lambda_{\rm GB}$ enhances the dissociation of heavy quarkonium. We also discuss the variation in the dissociation of heavy quarkonium with the ratio of shear viscosity to entropy density and observe that the dissociation is easier in more perfect plasma. Additionally, we observe that the temperature decreases the peak height and widens the peak, thereby accelerating the dissociation.

Zhou-Run Zhu

Manman Sun

Rui Zhou

Jinzhong Han

$\textit{R}$ $^{2}$ corrections to holographic heavy quarkonium dissociation * Rui Zhou supported by the Science and Technology Development Plan Project of Henan Province, China (242102230085), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12404470), the High Level Talents Research and Startup Foundation Projects for Doctors of Zhoukou Normal University, China (ZKNUC2023017). Manman Sun supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12305076). Zhou-Run Zhu supported by the High Level Talents Research and Startup Foundation Projects for Doctors of Zhoukou Normal University, China (ZKNUC2023018)

<p>We introduce a generative AI model to obtain type IIB brane configurations that realize toric phases of a family of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><mn>4</mn><mi>D</mi></mrow></math> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi mathvariant="script">N</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></math> supersymmetric gauge theories. These <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mn>4</mn><mi>D</mi></math> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi mathvariant="script">N</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></math> quiver gauge theories are world volume theories of a D3-brane probing a toric Calabi-Yau 3-fold. The type IIB brane configurations are given by the coamoeba projection of the mirror curve associated with the toric Calabi-Yau 3-fold. The shape of the mirror curve and its coamoeba projection, as well as the corresponding type IIB brane configuration and the toric phase of the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mn>4</mn><mi>d</mi></math> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi mathvariant="script">N</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></math> theory, all depend on the complex structure moduli parametrizing the mirror curve. We train a generative AI model, a conditional variational autoencoder (CVAE), that takes a choice of complex structure moduli as input and generates the corresponding coamoeba. This enables us not only to obtain a high-resolution representation of the entire phase space for a family of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mn>4</mn><mi>D</mi></math> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi mathvariant="script">N</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></math> theories corresponding to the same toric Calabi-Yau 3-fold, but also to continuously track the movements of the mirror curve and the branes wrapping the curve in the corresponding type IIB brane configurations during phase transitions associated with Seiberg duality.</p>

South Korea

Rak-Kyeong Seong

Generative AI for brane configurations and coamoeba

Quantitatively connecting properties of parton distribution functions (PDFs, or parton densities) to the theoretical assumptions made within the QCD analyses which produce them has been a longstanding problem in HEP phenomenology. To confront this challenge, we introduce an ML-based explainability framework, XAI4PDF, to classify PDFs by parton flavor or underlying theoretical model using ResNet-like neural networks (NNs). By leveraging the differentiable nature of ResNet models, this approach deploys guided backpropagation to dissect relevant features of fitted PDFs, identifying $\textit{x}$-dependent signatures of PDFs important to the ML model classifications. By applying our framework, we are able to sort PDFs according to the analysis which produced them while constructing quantitative, human-readable maps locating the $\textit{x}$ regions most affected by the internal theory assumptions going into each analysis. This technique expands the toolkit available to PDF analysis and adjacent particle phenomenology while pointing to promising generalizations.

United States

Brandon Kriesten

Jonathan Gomprecht

T. Hobbs

Explainable AI classification for parton density theory

In recent years, neural network-based classification has been used to improve data analysis at collider experiments. While this strategy proves to be hugely successful, the underlying models are not commonly shared with the public and rely on experiment-internal data as well as full detector simulations. We show a concrete implementation of a newly proposed strategy, so-called Classifier Surrogates, to be trained inside the experiments, that only utilise publicly accessible features and truth information. These surrogates approximate the original classifier distribution, and can be shared with the public. Subsequently, such a model can be evaluated by sampling the classification output from high-level information without requiring a sophisticated detector simulation. Technically, we show that continuous normalizing flows are a suitable generative architecture that can be efficiently trained to sample classification results using conditional flow matching. We further demonstrate that these models can be easily extended by Bayesian uncertainties to indicate their degree of validity when confronted with unknown inputs by the user. For a concrete example of tagging jets from hadronically decaying top quarks, we demonstrate the application of flows in combination with uncertainty estimation through either inference of a mean-field Gaussian weight posterior, or Monte Carlo sampling network weights.

Germany

Sebastian Bieringer

Gregor Kasieczka

Jan Kieseler

Mathias Trabs

Classifier surrogates: sharing AI-based searches with the world

We consider exact Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin analysis to a <math><mi>P</mi><mi>T</mi></math> symmetric quantum mechanics defined by the potential, <math><mi>V</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>=</mo><msup><mi>ω</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>+</mo><mi>g</mi><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>(</mo><mi>i</mi><mi>x</mi><msup><mo>)</mo><mrow><mi>ϵ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math> with <math><mi>ω</mi><mo>∈</mo><msub><mi>R</mi><mrow><mo>≥</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></math>, <math><mi>g</mi><mo>∈</mo><msub><mi>R</mi><mrow><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></math>. We in particular aim to verify a conjecture proposed by Ai-Bender-Sarkar (ABS), that pertains to a relation between <math><mi>D</mi></math>-dimensional <math><mi>P</mi><mi>T</mi></math>-symmetric theories and analytic continuation (AC) of Hermitian theories concerning the energy spectrum or Euclidean partition function. For the purpose, we construct energy quantization conditions by exact Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin analysis and write down their transseries solution by solving the conditions. By performing alien calculus to the energy solutions, we verify validity of the ABS conjecture and seek a possibility of its alternative form by Borel resummation theory if it is violated. Our results claim that the validity of the ABS conjecture drastically changes depending on whether <math><mi>ω</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>0</mn></math> or <math><mi>ω</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></math>: If <math><mi>ω</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>0</mn></math>, then the ABS conjecture is violated when exceeding the semiclassical level of the first nonperturbative order, but its alternative form is constructable by Borel resummation theory. The <math><mi>P</mi><mi>T</mi></math> and the AC energies are related to each other by a one-parameter Stokes automorphism, and a median resummed form, which corresponds to a formal exact solution, of the AC energy (resp. <math><mi>P</mi><mi>T</mi></math> energy) is directly obtained by acting Borel resummation to a transseries solution of the <math><mi>P</mi><mi>T</mi></math> energy (resp. AC energy). If <math><mi>ω</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></math>, then, with respect to the inverse energy level-expansion, not only perturbative/nonperturbative structures of the <math><mi>P</mi><mi>T</mi></math> and the AC energies but also their perturbative parts do not match with each other. These energies are independent solutions, and no alternative form of the ABS conjecture can be reformulated by Borel resummation theory.

Japan

Syo Kamata

Exact WKB analysis for <math><mrow><mi>P</mi><mi>T</mi></mrow></math>-symmetric quantum mechanics: Study of the Ai-Bender-Sarkar conjecture

Recently, a black hole model in loop quantum gravity has been proposed by Lewandowski, Ma, Yang and Zhang (2023) [34]. The metric tensor of the quantum black hole (QBH) is a suitably modified Schwarzschild one. In this paper, we calculate the radius of the circular null geodesic (light ring) and obtain the linear approximation of it with respect to the quantum correction parameter α: <math><msub><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>l</mi></mrow></msub><mo>≃</mo><mn>3</mn><mi>M</mi><mo>−</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>9</mn><mi>M</mi></mrow></mfrac></math>. We then assume the QBH is backlit by a large, distant plane of uniform, isotropic emission and calculate the radius of the black hole shadow and its linear approximation: <math><msub><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn><msqrt><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msqrt><mi>M</mi><mo>−</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>6</mn><mrow><mo>(</mo><msqrt><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msqrt><mi>M</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></mfrac></math>. We also consider the photon ring structures in the shadow when the impact parameter b of the photon approaches to a critical impact parameter <math><msub><mrow><mi>b</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>c</mtext></mrow></msub></math>, and obtain a formula for estimating the deflection angle, which is <math><msub><mrow><mi>φ</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>def</mtext></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mo>−</mo><mfrac><mrow><msqrt><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msqrt></mrow><mrow><mi>ω</mi><msubsup><mrow><mi>r</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>l</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msubsup></mrow></mfrac><mi>log</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><msub><mrow><mi>b</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub><mo>/</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mo>+</mo><mover><mrow><mi>C</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>˜</mo></mrow></mover><mo>(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>b</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub><mo>)</mo></math>. We also numerically plot the images of shadows and photon rings of the QBH in three different illumination models and compare them with that of a Schwarzschild black hole. It is found that we could distinguish the quantum black hole with a Schwarzschild black hole via the shadow images in certain illumination models.

Jing-Peng Ye

Zhi-Qing He

Ai-Xu Zhou

Zi-Yang Huang

Jia-Hui Huang

Shadows and photon rings of a quantum black hole

We use artificial intelligence (AI) to learn and infer the physics of higher order gravitational wave modes of quasi-circular, spinning, non precessing binary black hole mergers. We trained AI models using 14 million waveforms, produced with the surrogate model NRHybSur3dq8, that include modes up to <math><mi>ℓ</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>4</mn></math> and <math><mo>(</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>5</mn><mo>)</mo></math>, except for <math><mo>(</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>)</mo></math> and <math><mo>(</mo><mn>4</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></math>, that describe binaries with mass-ratios <math><mi>q</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>8</mn></math>, individual spins <math><msubsup><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>{</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>}</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>z</mi></mrow></msubsup><mo>∈</mo><mo>[</mo><mo>−</mo><mn>0.8</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>0.8</mn><mo>]</mo></math>, and inclination angle <math><mi>θ</mi><mo>∈</mo><mo>[</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>,</mo><mi>π</mi><mo>]</mo></math>. Our probabilistic AI surrogates can accurately constrain the mass-ratio, individual spins, effective spin, and inclination angle of numerical relativity waveforms that describe such signal manifold. We compared the predictions of our AI models with Gaussian process regression, random forest, k-nearest neighbors, and linear regression, and with traditional Bayesian inference methods through the PyCBC Inference toolkit, finding that AI outperforms all these approaches in terms of accuracy, and are between three to four orders of magnitude faster than traditional Bayesian inference methods. Our AI surrogates were trained within 3.4 hours using distributed training on 1,536 NVIDIA V100 GPUs in the Summit supercomputer.

Asad Khan

E.A. Huerta

India

Prayush Kumar

AI and extreme scale computing to learn and infer the physics of higher order gravitational wave modes of quasi-circular, spinning, non-precessing black hole mergers

A special class of four-point correlation functions in the maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory is given by the square of the Fredholm determinant of a generalized Bessel kernel. In this note, we re-express its logarithmic derivatives in terms of a two-dimensional Riemann-Hilbert problem. We solve the latter in the null limit making use of the Deift-Zhou steepest descent. We reproduce the exact octagonal anomalous dimension in 't Hooft coupling and provide its novel formulation as the convolution of a non-linear quasiclassical phase with the Fermi distribution in the limit of the infinite chemical potential.

A.V. Belitsky

Null octagon from Deift-Zhou steepest descent