The Hawking radiation from the explosion of a black hole would provide definitive information on the particle spectrum of nature. Here we quantify the potential of current and future gamma ray telescopes to probe new dark sectors. We improve on the analysis used in previous work by making careful use of the experimental response functions, deriving a more realistic estimate of the backgrounds and optimizing the statistical analysis. We compute the sensitivity of the current experiments (HAWC and LHAASO) and estimate the reach of the future experiments (SWGO and CTA North and South), for various sky positions of the explosion. We find that for a black hole exploding at 0$\textit{.}$01 pc the gamma ray signal observed by HAWC could probe dark sectors with 10–20 (or more) new Dirac fermions up to masses around 10 GeV, while CTA will be able to probe 2–15 new Dirac fermions with masses up to 10 GeV. CTA North and South will have sensitivity to 10 dark fermions up to a distance of 0.1 pc and 50 up to a distance of 0.6 pc.

United States

Michael Baker

Joaquim Juan

Aidan Symons

Andrea Thamm

Probing dark sectors with exploding black holes: gamma rays

<p>The KM3NeT experiment has recently observed a neutrino with an energy around 100 PeV, and IceCube has detected five neutrinos with energies above 1 PeV. While there are no known astrophysical sources, exploding primordial black holes could have produced these high-energy neutrinos. For Schwarzschild black holes this interpretation results in tensions between the burst rates inferred from the KM3NeT and IceCube observations, with indirect constraints from the extragalactic gamma-ray background and with the nonobservation of an associated gamma-ray signal at LHAASO. In this Letter we show that if there is a population of primordial black holes charged under a new dark <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>u</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math> symmetry which spend most of their time in a quasiextremal state, the neutrino emission at 1 PeV may be more suppressed than at 100 PeV. The burst rates implied by the KM3NeT and IceCube observations and the indirect constraints can then all be consistent at <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mn>1</mn><mi>σ</mi></math>, and no associated gamma-ray signal was expected at LHAASO. Furthermore, these black holes could constitute all of the observed dark matter in the universe.</p>

Michael J. Baker

Joaquim Iguaz Juan

Explaining the PeV Neutrino Fluxes at KM3NeT and IceCube with Quasiextremal Primordial Black Holes

Belgium

Chiara Arina

France

Benjamin Fuks

Italy

Luca Panizzi

South Africa

Alan Cornell

Germany

Jan Heisig

United Kingdom

Benedikt Maier

Portugal

Rute Pedro

Dominique Trischuk

Diyar Agin

Alexandre Arbey

Giorgio Arcadi

Emanuele Bagnaschi

Kehang Bai

Brazil

Disha Bhatia

Mathias Becker

Alexander Belyaev

Ferdinand Benoit

Monika Blanke

Canada

Jackson Burzynski

Jonathan Butterworth

Antimo Cagnotta

China

Lorenzo Calibbi

Linda Carpenter

Spain

Xabier Cid Vidal

Emanuele Copello

Louie Corpe

Francesco D’Eramo

Aldo Deandrea

Australia

Aman Desai

Caterina Doglioni

South Korea

Sunil Dogra

Mathias Garny

Mark Goodsell

Norway

Sohaib Hassan

Philip Harris

Julia Harz

Alejandro Ibarra

Alberto Iorio

Felix Kahlhoefer

Deepak Kar

Egypt

Shaaban Khalil

Valery Khoze

Pyungwon Ko

Sabine Kraml

Greg Landsberg

Andre Lessa

Laura Lopez-Honorez

Alberto Mariotti

Vasiliki Mitsou

Kirtimaan Mohan

Chang-Seong Moon

Colombia

Alexander Moreno Briceno

Maria Moreno Llacer

Leandre Munoz-Aillaud

Taylor Murphy

Anele Ncube

Wandile Nzuza

Clarisse Prat

Lena Rathmann

Thobani Sangweni

Dipan Sengupta

William Shepherd

Sukanya Sinha

Tim Tait

Michel Tytgat

Zirui Wang

David Yu

Shin-Shan Yu

Publisher Erratum: $\textit{t}$-channel dark matter models – a whitepaper

This report, summarising work achieved in the context of the LHC Dark Matter Working Group, investigates the phenomenology of $\textit{t}$-channel dark matter models, spanning minimal setups with a single dark matter candidate and mediator to more complex constructions closer to UV-complete models. For each considered class of models, we examine collider, cosmological and astrophysical implications. In addition, we explore scenarios with either promptly decaying or long-lived particles, as well as featuring diverse dark matter production mechanisms in the early universe. By providing a unified analysis framework, numerical tools and guidelines, this work aims to support future experimental and theoretical efforts in exploring $\textit{t}$-channel dark matter models at colliders and in cosmology.

$\textit{t}$-channel dark matter models – a whitepaper

<p>Observation of gamma rays from an exploding black hole would provide strong evidence for primordial black holes, the first direct evidence of Hawking radiation, and definitive information on the particles present in nature. However, indirect constraints suggest that direct observation of an exploding Schwarzschild black hole at current or upcoming gamma ray observatories is implausible. We introduce a dark-QED toy model consisting of a dark photon and a heavy dark electron. In this scenario a population of light primordial black holes charged under the dark <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>u</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math> symmetry can become quasiextremal, so they survive much longer than if they were uncharged, before discharging and exhibiting a Schwarzschild-like final explosion. We show that the answer is “yes,” in this scenario the probability of observing an exploding black hole over the next 10 years could potentially be over 90%.</p>

Could We Observe an Exploding Black Hole in the Near Future?

We study a simplified model of two colourless heavy vector resonances in the singlet representation of SU(2) , with zero and unit hypercharge. We discuss mixing with the Standard Model gauge bosons due to electroweak symmetry breaking, semi-analytic formulae for production at proton colliders, requirements to obey the narrow width approximation and selected low energy constraints. We show current LHC constraints and sensitivity projections for the HL-LHC, HE-LHC, SPPC and FCC-hh on the charged and neutral heavy vectors. The utility of the simplified model Lagrangian is demonstrated by matching these results onto three explicit models: a weakly coupled abelian extension of the Standard Model gauge group, a weakly coupled non-abelian extension and a strongly coupled minimal composite Higgs model. All our results are presented in terms of physical resonance masses, using expressions which are accurate even at vector masses near the electroweak scale due to a parameter inversion we derive. We discuss the importance of this inversion and point out that its effect, and the effects of electroweak symmetry breaking, can remain important up to resonance masses of several TeV. Finally, we clarify the relation between this simplified model and the Heavy Vector Triplet (HVT) model, a simplified model for heavy SU(2) triplets with zero hypercharge, and provide exact and approximate matching relations.

Timothy Martonhelyi

Riccardo Torre

A simplified model of Heavy Vector Singlets for the LHC and future colliders

We provide an exhaustive classification of three-family DFSZ axion models that have no cosmological domain wall problem. This result is obtained by making the Peccei-Quinn symmetry flavour dependent in certain specific ways, thus reinforcing a possible connection between the strong CP problem and the flavour puzzle. Known DFSZ flavour variants such as the top-specific model emerge as special cases. Key features of the phenomenology of these models are briefly discussed.

Peter Cox

Matthew Dolan

Maaz Hayat

Raymond Volkas

Classification of three-family flavoured DFSZ axion models that have no domain wall problem

The observation of an evaporating black hole would provide definitive information on the elementary particles present in nature. In particular, it could discover or exclude particles beyond those present in the standard model of particle physics. We consider a wide range of motivated scenarios beyond the standard model and identify those which would be best probed in the event of an observation. For those models we define representative benchmark parameters and characterise the photon spectra as a function of time. For the supersymmetric benchmark model, where most of the new particles produce secondary photons, we provide secondary spectra and discuss the subtle interplay between faster black hole evaporation and an increased flux of secondary photons. Finally, we discuss the impact of these models on future experimental analysis strategies.

Black hole evaporation beyond the Standard Model of particle physics

We clarify the role of vector boson fusion (VBF) in the production of heavy vector triplets at the LHC and the HL-LHC. We point out that the presence of VBF production leads to an unavoidable rate of Drell-Yan (DY) production and highlight the subtle interplay between the falling parton luminosities and the increasing importance of VBF production as the heavy vector mass increases. We discuss current LHC searches and HL-LHC projections in di-boson and di-lepton final states and demonstrate that VBF production outperforms DY production for resonance masses above 1 TeV in certain regions of the parameter space. We define two benchmark parameter points which provide competitive production rates in vector boson fusion.

The role of vector boson fusion in the production of heavy vector triplets at the LHC and HL-LHC

Axions and axion-like particles (ALPs) are well-motivated low-energy relics of high-energy extensions of the Standard Model (SM). We investigate the phenomenology of an ALP with flavor-changing couplings, and present a comprehensive analysis of quark and lepton flavor-changing observables within a general ALP effective field theory. Observables studied include rare meson decays, flavor oscillations of neutral mesons, rare lepton decays, and dipole moments. We derive bounds on the general ALP couplings as a function of its mass, consistently taking into account the ALP lifetime and branching ratios. We further calculate quark flavor-changing effects that are unavoidably induced by running and matching between the new physics scale and the scale of the measurements. This allows us to derive bounds on benchmark ALP models in which only a single (flavorless or flavor-universal) ALP coupling to SM particles is present at the new physics scale, and in this context we highlight the complementarity and competitiveness of flavor bounds with constraints derived from collider, beam dump and astrophysical measurements. We find that searches for ALPs produced in meson decays provide some of the strongest constraints in the MeV-GeV mass range, even for the most flavorless of ALP models. Likewise, we discuss the interplay of flavor-conserving and flavor-violating couplings of the ALP to leptons, finding that constraints from lepton flavor-violating observables generally depend strongly on both. Additionally, we analyze whether an ALP can provide an explanation for various experimental anomalies including those observed in rare B-meson decays, measurements at the ATOMKI and KTeV experiments, and in the anomalous magnetic moments of the muon and the electron.