This article investigates the modified Raychaudhuri Equation (RE) in the context of Non-Gravitating Vacuum Energy (NGVE) theory and its implications for various cosmological characteristics. The equation is formulated based on the NGVE framework, in which global scale invariance generates a unique geometry. The newly developed geometry introduces a metric that is conformally connected to the conventional metric, with the conformal factor dependent on scalar field potentials. The cosmological study is carried out under the framework of a flat Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) universe. Assuming matter behaves as an ideal fluid in the modified geometry, we formulate models for conditional expansion, collapse, and steady state, governed by the scalar field $$(\phi )$$ . In this context, the caustic solution and the focusing theorem are also studied. Scalar field solutions for exponential and power-law scale factors are also derived using NGVE theory’s equations of motion. Finally, graphical analysis is used to investigate the behavior of the interaction terms that appear in the modified RE under these scale factors.

India

Arijit Panda

Germany

Bahamas

Israel

Eduardo Guendelman

Goutam Manna

Exploring cosmological implications of the modified Raychaudhuri equation in non-gravitating vacuum energy theory

Deep machine learning methods have been studied for the software trigger of the future PANDA experiment at FAIR, using Monte Carlo simulated data from the GEANT-based detector simulation framework PandaRoot. Ten physics channels that cover the main physics topics, including electromagnetic, exotic, charmonium, open charm, and baryonic reaction channels, have been investigated at four different anti-proton beam momenta. Different classification concepts and network architectures have been studied. Finally a residual convolutional neural network with four residual blocks in a binary classification scheme has been chosen due to its extendability, performance and stability. The presented study represents a feasibility study of a completely software-based trigger system. Compared to a conventional selection method, the deep machine learning approach achieved a significant efficiency gain of up to 200%, while keeping the background reduction factor at the required level of 1/1000. Furthermore, it is shown that the use of additional input variables can improve the data quality for subsequent analysis. This study shows that the PANDA software trigger can benefit greatly from the deep machine learning methods.

China

Peiyong Jiang

Klaus Götzen

Ralf Kliemt

Frank Nerling

Klaus Peters

Deep machine learning for the PANDA software trigger

We evaluate the cross section for the <math><mi>p</mi><mi>p</mi><mo>→</mo><mi>p</mi><mi>p</mi><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>(</mo><mn>1285</mn><mo>)</mo></math> and <math><mi>p</mi><mover><mi>p</mi><mo>¯</mo></mover><mo>→</mo><mi>p</mi><mover><mi>p</mi><mo>¯</mo></mover><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>(</mo><mn>1285</mn><mo>)</mo></math> reactions at near threshold energies relevant for the HADES and PANDA experiments at GSI-FAIR. We assume that at energies close to the threshold the <math><mi>ω</mi><mi>ω</mi><mo>→</mo><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>(</mo><mn>1285</mn><mo>)</mo></math> and <math><msup><mi>ρ</mi><mn>0</mn></msup><msup><mi>ρ</mi><mn>0</mn></msup><mo>→</mo><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>(</mo><mn>1285</mn><mo>)</mo></math> fusion processes are the dominant production mechanisms. The vertex for the <math><mi>V</mi><mi>V</mi><mo>→</mo><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></math> coupling is derived from an effective coupling Lagrangian. The <math><msub><mi>g</mi><mrow><mi>ρ</mi><mi>ρ</mi><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></msub></math> coupling constant is extracted from the decay rate of <math><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>(</mo><mn>1285</mn><mo>)</mo><mo>→</mo><msup><mi>ρ</mi><mn>0</mn></msup><mi>γ</mi></math> using the vector-meson-dominance ansatz. We assume <math><msub><mi>g</mi><mrow><mi>ω</mi><mi>ω</mi><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>g</mi><mrow><mi>ρ</mi><mi>ρ</mi><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></msub></math>, equality of these two coupling constants, based on arguments from the naive quark model and vector-meson dominance. The amplitude for the <math><mi>V</mi><mi>V</mi><mo>→</mo><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></math> fusion, supplemented by phenomenological vertex form factors for the process, is given. The differential cross sections at energies close to the threshold are calculated. In order to determine the parameters of the model the <math><mi>γ</mi><mi>p</mi><mo>→</mo><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>(</mo><mn>1285</mn><mo>)</mo><mi>p</mi></math> reaction is discussed in addition and results are compared with the CLAS data. The possibility of a measurement by HADES@GSI is presented and discussed. We perform a Monte Carlo feasibility simulation of the <math><mi>p</mi><mi>p</mi><mo>→</mo><mi>p</mi><mi>p</mi><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></math> reaction for <math><msqrt><mi>s</mi></msqrt><mo>=</mo><mn>3.46</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mi>GeV</mi></math> with the <math><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></math> decaying into the <math><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>−</mo></msup><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></math> (not shown explicitly) and <math><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>π</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><msup><mrow><mi>π</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup><mi>η</mi><mo>(</mo><mo>→</mo><msup><mrow><mi>π</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><msup><mrow><mi>π</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup><msup><mrow><mi>π</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msup><mo>)</mo></mrow></math> final states using the PLUTO event generator. The latter <math><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></math> decay is especially promising as a peak in the <math><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>−</mo></msup><mi>η</mi></math> mass distribution should be observable by HADES.

Poland

Piotr Lebiedowicz

Otto Nachtmann

Piotr Salabura

Antoni Szczurek

Exclusive <math><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>(</mo><mn>1285</mn><mo>)</mo></math> meson production for energy ranges available at the GSI-FAIR with HADES and PANDA