Scientific AI is rapidly transforming fundamental physics research and challenging defining aspects of the fundamental physics methodology. We discuss opportunities and dangers of this transformation and find exciting benefits from a close interaction between AI and fundamental physics, provided that we remain aware of the scientific methodologies of the respective fields. For fundamental physics, we discuss two such aspects: statistical validation and a generalizing theory description, both with the goal of discovering new physics in vast datasets.

Germany

Michael Krämer

Tilman Plehn

Machine learning is good for physics—and vice versa

Over the last decade, non-relativistic theories have attracted considerable attention. In general, such theories can be obtained by contracting relativistic parent theories. In this work, we discuss features of non-relativistic supersymmetric field theories from both the Galilean and Carrollian points of view that may be useful for constructing electric and magnetic non-relativistic theories.

Türkiye

Osman Ergec

Aspects of non-relativistic supersymmetric theories

We present the first calculation of the next-to-leading-order electroweak corrections to vector-boson scattering into doubly polarised Z bosons at the LHC in the fully leptonic decay channel. The production and decay of the two polarised Z bosons are consistently modelled in the double-pole approximation, separating polarisation states at the amplitude level and including factorisable real and virtual electroweak corrections. Doubly polarised and unpolarised signals are investigated and confronted with off-shell results. A broad analysis, including results at integrated and differential level, is carried out in a realistic, CMS-inspired fiducial setup. Our study paves the way to upcoming analyses with LHC Run-3 and High-Luminosity data as well as to further phenomenological investigations.

Ansgar Denner

Robert Franken

Santiago Chavez

Italy

Daniele Lombardi

Giovanni Pelliccioli

The cleanest of them all: NLO electroweak corrections to vector-boson scattering into doubly polarised ZZ pairs at the LHC

This paper is an extension of the results presented in [1]. We study $\textit{G}$ -invariant subsectors of maximal gauged supergravities and show that such models can provide consistent truncations even when $\textit{G}$ is not a symmetry of the original supergravity. We show that this construction is key to building pure supergravities around a supersymmetric AdS solution. We illustrate this construction by building a consistent 𝒩 = 4 subsector of the $\textit{D}$ = 4 𝒩 = 8 [SO(6) × SO(1, 1)] ⋉ ℝ gauged supergravity. We use this result to build the uplift of the multicharge spindle solutions in type IIB and we define a simple criterion for assessing the regularity of the uplift. We show that the type IIB uplift of the spindle is always non-regular, admitting eight codimension-six orbifold singularities. We apply the same criterion to other spindle uplifts, recovering known results and making predictions on the regularity of spindles on (quasi-)regular SE manifolds.

South Africa

Anik Rudra

Belgium

Colin Sterckx

Mario Trigiante

Consistent truncations from duality symmetries and desingularization of orbifold uplifts

We use holography to study dS-invariant states of non-conformal, strongly coupled quantum field theories in four-dimensional de Sitter space. We show that out-of-equilibrium effects can sustain the exponential inflation within the regime of validity of semiclassical gravity, $\textit{H}$ ≪$\textit{ M}$ ≪ $\textit{M}$ , with $\textit{H}$ the Hubble parameter, $\textit{M}$ the characteristic scale of the quantum field theory, $\textit{M}$ = $\textit{M}$ $\textit{/N}$ the species scale, $\textit{M}$ the Planck scale, and $\textit{N}$ the number of matter fields. In the holographic description, the required fine-tuning scales only logarithmically with the ratio $\textit{M}$ $\textit{/H}$. The resulting solutions exhibit apparent horizons whose increasing area indicates a continuous growth of the comoving entropy density. We suggest that this inflationary regime can arise as the late-time limit of a dynamical evolution starting from an initial Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker universe.

Spain

Jorge Casalderrey-Solana

Lucía Castells-Tiestos

Jéssica Gonçalves

David Mateos

Self-sustained, out-of-equilibrium inflation

We study the impact of multiple vector-like fermions in SU(5) grand unified theory (GUT). Threshold effects from extra fermions allow the observed gauge couplings to be consistently matched to a single unified gauge coupling, and typically raise the unification scale to $\textit{M}$ ≃ 10 GeV. Because the Standard Model fermions arise as admixtures of several GUT multiplets, the nucleon decay operator coefficients are further suppressed, leading to longer proton lifetimes than in conventional GUTs. We also find that the admixture of multiple GUT multiplets relaxes the rigid Yukawa relations of conventional GUTs and alleviates the bottom-tau unification problem. Overall, our analysis demonstrates that multi-fermion SU(5) GUTs provide a testable framework that simultaneously reconciles gauge coupling unification, realistic flavor structures, and proton stability. Our results highlight the importance of probing multiple proton-decay channels in next-generation experiments such as Hyper-Kamiokande to critically test this scenario.

Japan

Akifumi Chitose

Ko Hirooka

Masahiro Ibe

Satoshi Shirai

Fermion multiplicities at the GUT scale: a statistical study of unification and proton decay

We apply the localization method to the BFSS matrix model with a particular class of boundary conditions, that is related to a scattering problem of 11-dimensional M-theory. For the boundary condition that corresponds to the three-point amplitude of gravitons, we exactly compute the partition function of the model based on the localization method. We find that the result correctly reproduces the expected momentum dependence of the three point amplitude.

Yuhma Asano

Goro Ishiki

Yoshua Murayama

Localization of the BFSS matrix model and three-point amplitude in M-theory

We use vNRQCD to study power corrections in the v expansion due to soft gluon radiation during $\textit{J/ψ}$ production at small transverse momentum. We categorize four new $\textit{J/ψ}$ production operators that mediate the transition of perturbatively produced color-octet charm quark/anti-quark pairs to charm quarks in a $${}^{3}{S}_{1}^{\left[1\right]}$$ state via soft gluon emission. We then use Soft Collinear Effective Theory and vNRQCD to derive a factorization theorem for $\textit{J/ψ}$ production in SIDIS in terms of the gluon transverse momentum dependent (TMD) PDFs in the proton and new objects which we call TMD soft transition functions. We show that the TMD soft transition function leads in the v power-counting with respect to the color-octet TMD shape functions that have been used in previous studies of $\textit{J/ψ}$ production at small transverse momentum.

United States

Marston Copeland

Sean Fleming

Reed Hodges

The role of the soft scale for $\textit{J/ψ}$ production in the transverse momentum dependent framework

<p>The decay <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>η</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo><mi>p</mi><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>p</mi></mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mrow></mover><mi>η</mi></mrow></math> is observed for the first time with a significance of exceeding <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mn>10</mn><mi>σ</mi></math>. It is found by analyzing <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>2712.4</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>14.3</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>6</mn></msup><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mi>ψ</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>3686</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math> events accumulated at the BESIII detector. The measured branching fraction of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>η</mi><mi>c</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo><mi>p</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>p</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>η</mi></math> via <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>ψ</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>3686</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">→</mo><mi>γ</mi><mi>p</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>p</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>η</mi></math> is significantly influenced by the interference between the resonant <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>η</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></math> decay and the nonresonant process <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>ψ</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>3686</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">→</mo><mi>γ</mi><mi>p</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>p</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>η</mi></math> and is measured in both constructive- and destructive-interference scenarios. The joint branching fraction of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>ψ</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>3686</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">→</mo><mi>γ</mi><msub><mi>η</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></math>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>η</mi><mi>c</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo><mi>p</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>p</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>η</mi></math> is measured to be <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>3.2</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.1</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.8</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>6</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math> or <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>8.7</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.3</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>1.7</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>6</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math> for constructive- or destructive-interference solutions, respectively, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second systematic. The branching fraction of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>η</mi><mi>c</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo><mi>p</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>p</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>η</mi></math> is determined to be <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi mathvariant="script">B</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msub><mi>η</mi><mi>c</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo><mi>p</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>p</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>η</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>0.90</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.04</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.21</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.13</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></math> or <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>2.42</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.07</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.48</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.34</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math> for the two solutions, respectively, where the third uncertainties are due to the uncertainty in the branching fraction of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>ψ</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>3686</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">→</mo><mi>γ</mi><msub><mi>η</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></math>.</p>

China

M. Ablikim

Russia

M.N. Achasov

Sweden

P. Adlarson

X.C. Ai

C.S. Akondi

R. Aliberti

A. Amoroso

Q. An

Y.H. An

M.S. Anderson

Y. Bai

JINR

O. Bakina

H.R. Bao

X.L. Bao

M. Barbagiovanni

Poland

V. Batozskaya

Mongolia

K. Begzsuren

N. Berger

M. Berlowski

M.B. Bertani

D. Bettoni

F. Bianchi

E. Bianco

A. Bortone

I. Boyko

R.A. Briere

A. Brueggemann

D. Cabiati

H. Cai

M.H. Cai

X. Cai

A. Calcaterra

G.F. Cao

N. Cao

S.A. Cetin

X.Y. Chai

J.F. Chang

T.T. Chang

G.R. Che

Y.Z. Che

C.H. Chen

Chao Chen

G. Chen

H.S. Chen

H.Y. Chen

M.L. Chen

S.J. Chen

S.M. Chen

T. Chen

W. Chen

X.R. Chen

X.T. Chen

X.Y. Chen

Y.B. Chen

Y.Q. Chen

Z.K. Chen

J. Cheng

L.N. Cheng

South Korea

S.K. Choi

X. Chu

G. Cibinetto

F. Cossio

United Kingdom

J. Cottee-Meldrum

H.L. Dai

J.P. Dai

X.C. Dai

A. Dbeyssi

R.E. de Boer

D. Dedovich

C.Q. Deng

Z.Y. Deng

A. Denig

I. Denisenko

M. Destefanis

F. De Mori

E. Di Fiore

X.X. Ding

Y. Ding

Y.X. Ding

J. Dong

L.Y. Dong

M.Y. Dong

X. Dong

Z.J. Dong

M.C. Du

S.X. Du

Shaoxu Du

X.L. Du

Y.Q. Du

Y.Y. Duan

Z.H. Duan

P. Egorov

G.F. Fan

J.J. Fan

Y.H. Fan

J. Fang

Jin Fang

S.S. Fang

W.X. Fang

Y.Q. Fang

Observation of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>η</mi><mi>c</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo><mi>p</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>p</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>η</mi></math> via <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>ψ</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>3686</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">→</mo><mi>γ</mi><mi>p</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>p</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>η</mi></math>

<p>The SNO+ Collaboration reports new results on reactor antineutrino oscillations using data acquired from May 2022 through July 2025. The spectral analysis of a flux dominated by nuclear reactors at 240, 340, and 350 km yields the mass-squared difference <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msubsup><mi>m</mi><mn>21</mn><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>7.9</mn><msubsup><mn>1</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>0.25</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo><mn>0.22</mn></mrow></msubsup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><msup><mrow><mi>eV</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math>. This result is compatible with and approaches the precision of the only other long-baseline reactor antineutrino measurement, by KamLAND. Combining these measurements, along with those from solar neutrino experiments, the global values of the neutrino mixing parameters become <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><msubsup><mi>m</mi><mn>21</mn><mn>2</mn></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>7.59</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.17</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>×</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>5</mn></mrow></msup><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><msup><mrow><mi>eV</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msup><mi>sin</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><msub><mi>θ</mi><mn>12</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>0.310</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.012</mn></math>. The analysis of geoneutrinos at <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><mi>SNO</mi><mo>+</mo></mrow></math> is also improved, with a measured signal of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mn>48</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>12</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo><mn>14</mn></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math> TNU.</p>

Portugal

M. Abreu

Canada

A. Allega

M.R. Anderson

S. Andringa

D.M. Asner

D.J. Auty

A. Bacon

T. Baltazar

F. Barão

N. Barros

R. Bayes

E.W. Beier

A. Bialek

S.D. Biller

E. Caden

M. Chen

S. Cheng

B. Cleveland

D. Cookman

J. Corning

S. DeGraw

R. Dehghani

J. Deloye

M.M. Depatie

C. Dima

J. Dittmer

K.H. Dixon

M.S. Esmaeilian

E. Falk

N. Fatemighomi

R. Ford

S. Gadamsetty

A. Gaur

D. Gooding

C. Grant

J. Grove

S. Hall

A.L. Hallin

D. Hallman

Measurement of Reactor Antineutrino Oscillations with 1.46 Kilotonne-Years of Data at SNO+