We study a class of infinite-distance loci, referred to as K-points, in one-parameter complex-structure moduli spaces of type IIB string theory compactified on Calabi-Yau manifolds. We show that around K-points the effective four-dimensional supergravity exhibits certain unusual properties. The two most prominent being that the leading order dependence of the prepotential on the gauge couplings is non-perturbative and that the leading gauge kinetic terms in the action vanish when evaluated on an anti self-dual graviphoton background. These properties are shared with the conifold locus in moduli space, rather than the large complex-structure locus. The conifold locus is well-known to arise from integrating out a charged BPS state, and so the similarities suggest that the K-point also arises from integrating out a BPS state. We develop such an interpretation, finding that it corresponds to a BPS state which is extremely light, whose mass in Planck units is doubly-exponentially small in the distance to the K-point. The state behaves as if it had complex charges, or as if it couples to the self-dual and anti self-dual parts of the graviphoton differently. Assuming such an integrating-out scenario is indeed the correct physics for the K-point, we discuss the implications for our understanding of infinite distances in moduli space and for the Swampland Distance Conjecture.

Israel

Jarod Hattab

Eran Palti

Joan Quirant

On the K-point in moduli space

We study the notion of a distance between different AdS vacua of string theory. The distance is measured by a metric that is derived by taking an off-shell quadratic variation of the effective action, and evaluating it over families of vacua. We calculate this metric for increasingly complex families of vacua. We first consider the two-parameter families of solutions of type AdS × ℂℙ . We find that the metric is flat and positive, and so yields a well-defined distance along any path in the space of solutions. We then consider solutions of type AdS × $\textit{S}$ × CY which have two (non-compact) flux parameters as well as a moduli space. We find that the space of solutions factorises between directions which vary the AdS radius, and the moduli space. The metric over AdS variations is flat and positive, and the metric over the moduli space is the usual one. Finally, we consider solutions of type AdS × $\textit{S}$ × $\textit{S}$ × $\textit{S}$ which also have a further direction in the space of solutions that is compact. We find that the metric is flat only on non-compact directions in the space of solutions. Restricting to such directions, we evaluate the metric and find it is positive definite and therefore yields a well-defined distance along any path.

Italy

Nicolò Petri

Metrics over multi-parameter AdS vacua

We show that the full non-perturbative topological string free energy, in the holomorphic limit, follows simply from a target space integrating out calculation of M2 states. Qualitatively, this is the same as the calculation performed by Gopakumar and Vafa, but we find that the final expression must be modified due to a subtlety with poles induced by non-perturbative physics. Accounting for this modification leads to a Gopakumar-Vafa-like formula, which we propose as the exact formulation of the integrating out procedure. Evaluating the formula necessarily requires a contour integral in a complexified Schwinger proper time parameter. We show that this evaluation yields the full non-perturbative topological string free energy, and can be applied to a compact, or non-compact, Calabi-Yau threefold. The explicit formula presented holds as long as the two-cycles wrapped by the branes are rigid and smooth, but the methodology can be used to study also more general Calabi-Yau geometries.

Non-perturbative topological string theory on compact Calabi-Yau manifolds from M-theory

Integrating out supersymmetric M2 branes wrapped on two-cycles in Calabi–Yau manifolds is an important calculation: it allows the determination of, and in some ways defines, the free energy of topological strings. In these notes, based on a short course aimed at graduate students, we go through various aspects of this calculation in detail. The end result is a recently proposed new formula for the topological string free energy.

Notes on integrating out M2 branes

We show that integrating out M2 branes ending on M5 branes inside Calabi-Yau manifolds captures non-perturbative open topological string physics. The integrating out is performed using a contour integral in complexified Schwinger proper time. For the resolved conifold, this contour can be extended to include the zero pole, which we argue captures the ultraviolet completion of the integrating out and yields the tree-level polynomial terms in the free energy. This is a manifestation of the Emergence Proposal, and provides further evidence for it. Unlike the case of closed strings, where the emergent terms are kinetic terms in the action, for these open strings it is tree-level potential terms which are emergent. This provides a first quantitative example of the proposal that classical tree-level potentials in string theory emerge from integrating out co-dimension one states.

Emergent potentials and non-perturbative open topological strings

The Emergence Proposal suggests that some Swampland criteria, in particular on large field distances, are a consequence of the emergent nature of dynamics for fields in the infrared. In the context of type II string theory compactified on Calabi-Yau manifolds, it proposes that the cubic tree-level piece of the genus-zero prepotential is emergent from integrating out massive non-perturbative states. For a certain special non-compact Calabi-Yau, the blown-up conifold, it is known that the full all-genus prepotential can be matched onto the Grand Canonical potential of a two-dimensional Fermi gas. We propose here that this should be understood in the context of emergence: the prepotential is induced by integrating out the Fermi gas degrees of freedom. To make contact with the Swampland we need dynamical gravity, so compact Calabi-Yau manifolds. We show that for specifically the cubic term, an integrating out calculation also works for compact cases. In particular, the exact cubic term coefficient can be recovered from integrating out a Fermi gas for any compact Calabi-Yau that is an elliptic fibration over a reflexive toric base. We also propose a general map, for any one-parameter Calabi-Yau, between the Grand Canonical potential of the ultraviolet non-perturbative system and the period. In particular, this map leads to an emergent cubic term in the genus-zero prepotential for any such one-parameter model.

Emergence in string theory and Fermi gases

We study the notion of a metric over the space of AdS solution in string theory, leading to an associated distance between them. Such a distance is the idea underlying the AdS distance conjecture. We utilise the previously developed prescription for extracting such a metric: taking an off-shell quadratic variation of the string theory effective action and then evaluating it over the space of on-shell solutions. It was shown that this prescription leads to a well-defined positive metric over M-theory Freund-Rubin vacua. In this work, we use the same prescription to calculate the metric over type IIA DGKT vacua. These are much more involved, they have multiple flux parameters and exhibit scale separation. While it remains an open question whether these vacua exist as fully localised solutions of string theory, they are well-defined within the four-dimensional effective theory, which is all that is required for the calculation. We find that they also have a positive metric over them. Interestingly, this metric turns out to be independent of the many flux parameters in the solution, similarly to what happens for metrics over scalar field spaces. This non-trivial flux cancellation, as well as results from explicit vacua, lead us to propose a Swampland condition: that the metric over the space of vacua in quantum gravity, as defined by the above prescription, is always positive.

A positive metric over DGKT vacua

We consider an effective theory with a single massive spin-2 particle and a gap to the cutoff. We couple the spin-2 particle to gravity, and to other lower-spin fields, and study the growth of scattering amplitudes of the particle in the Regge regime: where s is much larger than t and also any mass scales in the effective theory, but still much lower than the cutoff scale of the theory and therefore any further massive spin-2 particles. We include in the effective theory all possible operators, with an arbitrary, but finite, number of derivatives. We prove that the scattering amplitude grows strictly faster than s 2 in any such theory. Such fast growth goes against expected bounds on Regge growth. We therefore find further evidence for the Swampland spin-2 conjecture: that a theory with an isolated massive spin-2 particle, coupled to gravity, is in the Swampland.

Suman Kundu

Regge growth of isolated massive spin-2 particles and the Swampland

The Emergence Proposal is the idea that all kinetic terms for fields in quantum gravity are emergent in the infrared from integrating out towers of states. It predicts that in a supersymmetric string theory context, the tree-level prepotential terms can be recovered precisely by integrating out a tower of non-perturbative states. In this note we present a new perspective, and associated quantitative evidence, for this proposal. We argue that the tree-level kinetic terms arise from integrating out the ultraviolet physics of each of the states in the tower. This ultraviolet physics is associated to extended objects, and cannot be captured by a standard particle Schwinger integral. Instead, we argue that it should be captured by a Schwinger-like integral where the proper time is analytically continued, and a contour is taken around the origin. This maps to certain integral representations for the moduli space periods, and indeed one recovers the tree-level prepotential exactly. This interpretation suggests that the ultraviolet physics which gives the leading contribution to the prepotential is localised on point intersections of the extended objects. We also argue that over special loci in moduli space there can exist a particle picture of the states, and an associated simple particle Schwinger integral, which leads to the full tree-level prepotential. These are loci with special degenerations, such as the singular limit of the resolved conifold.

On the particle picture of Emergence

We study the spectrum of scalar charged operators in conformal field theories (CFTs) with a <math><mi>U</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></math> global symmetry. The charged operators are dual, by the state-operator correspondence, to homogeneous charged states on the sphere. Such states can break the <math><mi>U</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>)</mo></math> symmetry, and we define what we call the large-<math><mi>f</mi></math> regime in the CFT as one where the symmetry-breaking scale is much higher than the scale of the CFT sphere. In such a regime, there is a (approximate) Goldstone boson associated with the breaking. We show that the consistency of the Goldstone boson physics implies that the spectrum of states, and therefore of operators, must be convex in charge. More precisely, we show that any family of operators of different charges, which are lowest dimension for their charge, and which additionally share the same realization of the Goldstone boson in terms of the degrees of freedom of the CFT, must be convex.