The concept of complexity related to the celestial systems is elaborated within the context of distinct revised gravity theories. However, its interpretation in $\textit{f}$($\textit{R}$, $\textit{G}$) gravity is the main idea of our manuscript. We assume that the inner configuration of the system is a cylindrically symmetric geometry comprising the anisotropic configuration of matter. In our case study, we determine the revised equations of motion combined with the orthogonal decomposition of the Riemann tensor. The implications of anisotropic pressure and nonhomogeneous energy density are relevant. Decisive results relating to the Tolman mass, Weyl scalar, and the complexity factor are derived by incorporating dark source terms corresponding to the $\textit{f}$($\textit{R}$, $\textit{G}$) theory. Additionally, the structure scalars calculated in our manuscript are employed to derive the expression for the complexity factor, after considering reducing the complexity constraint to obtain the solutions for the specific models. The compact structures with anisotropic pressure and non-homogeneous energy density claim the maximum complexity. However, these fluids might not demonstrate any complexity if the implications of non-homogeneous energy density and anisotropic pressure are eradicated because of dark source terms corresponding to the $\textit{f}$($\textit{R}$, $\textit{G}$) theory.

Pakistan

A. Rehman

Azerbaijan

M. Yousaf

China

Faisal Javed

Thailand

Phongpichit Channuie

Interpretation of complexity associated with cylindrically symmetric configuration in $\textit{f}$($\textit{R}$, $\textit{G}$) theory

This paper presents the primary charged-particle multiplicity distributions in proton–lead collisions at a centre-of-mass energy per nucleon–nucleon collision of $$\sqrt{s_{\textrm{NN}}}~=~5.02$$ TeV. The distributions are reported for non-single diffractive collisions in different pseudorapidity ranges. The measurements are performed using the combined information from the Silicon Pixel Detector and the Forward Multiplicity Detector of ALICE. The multiplicity distributions are parametrised with a double negative binomial distribution function which provides satisfactory descriptions of the distributions for all the studied pseudorapidity intervals. The data are compared to models and analysed quantitatively, evaluating the first four moments (mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis). The shape evolution of the measured multiplicity distributions is studied in terms of KNO variables and it is found that none of the considered models reproduces the measurements. This paper also reports on the average charged-particle multiplicity, normalised by the average number of participating nucleon pairs, as a function of the collision energy. The multiplicity results are then compared to measurements made in proton–proton and nucleus–nucleus collisions across a wide range of collision energies.

Italy

S. Acharya

India

A. Agarwal

Switzerland

G. Rinella

L. Aglietta

M. Agnello

N. Agrawal

Z. Ahammed

S. Ahmad

South Korea

S. Ahn

Slovakia

I. Ahuja

A. Akindinov

Germany

V. Akishina

M. Al-Turany

D. Aleksandrov

B. Alessandro

H. Alfanda

Mexico

R. Molina

B. Ali

A. Alici

United States

N. Alizadehvandchali

A. Alkin

Norway

J. Alme

G. Alocco

T. Alt

A. Altamura

I. Altsybeev

J. Alvarado

M. Anaam

Romania

C. Andrei

United Kingdom

N. Andreou

A. Andronic

E. Andronov

V. Anguelov

F. Antinori

P. Antonioli

N. Apadula

H. Appelshäuser

France

C. Arata

S. Arcelli

R. Arnaldi

Brazil

J. Arneiro

I. Arsene

M. Arslandok

A. Augustinus

R. Averbeck

D. Averyanov

M. Azmi

Japan

H. Baba

A. Badalà

J. Bae

Y. Bae

Y. Baek

X. Bai

R. Bailhache

Y. Bailung

R. Bala

A. Baldisseri

Poland

B. Balis

S. Bangalia

Z. Banoo

V. Barbasova

F. Barile

L. Barioglio

Greece

M. Barlou

B. Barman

Hungary

G. Barnaföldi

L. Barnby

E. Barreau

V. Barret

L. Barreto

K. Barth

E. Bartsch

N. Bastid

Sweden

S. Basu

G. Batigne

D. Battistini

B. Batyunya

D. Bauri

Peru

J. Bazo Alba

Denmark

I. Bearden

P. Becht

D. Behera

I. Belikov

A. Bell Hechavarria

F. Bellini

R. Bellwied

S. Belokurova

L. Beltran

Y. Beltran

G. Bencedi

A. Bensaoula

S. Beole

Y. Berdnikov

A. Berdnikova

L. Bergmann

L. Bernardinis

L. Betev

P. Bhaduri

A. Bhasin

B. Bhattacharjee

Charged-particle multiplicity distributions over a wide pseudorapidity range in p–Pb collisions at $$\sqrt{{{\varvec{s}}}_{{\textbf {NN}}}}={\textbf {5.02}}$$ TeV

<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msup><mrow><mi>JSNS</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></math> (J-PARC Sterile Neutrino Search at J-PARC Spallation Neutron Source) is an experiment searching for sterile neutrinos through the observation of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>ν</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>μ</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">→</mo><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>ν</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>e</mi></msub></math> appearance oscillations, using neutrinos produced by muon decay-at-rest. A key aspect of the experiment involves accurately understanding the neutrino flux and the quantities of pions and muons, which are progenitors of (anti)neutrinos, given that their production rates have yet to be measured. We present the first electron-neutrino flux measurement using <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><mmultiscripts><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></mrow><mprescripts></mprescripts><none></none><mrow><mn>12</mn></mrow></mmultiscripts><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>ν</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><msup><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup><msup><mrow><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><mrow><mn>12</mn></mrow></msup><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>.</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mo>.</mo></mrow></msub></mrow></math> reaction in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>JSNS</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math>, yielding a flux of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>6.7</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>1.6</mn><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>stat</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>±</mo><mn>1.7</mn><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>syst</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>9</mn></mrow></msup><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><msup><mrow><mi>cm</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup><mtext> </mtext><msup><mrow><mi>proton</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math> at the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>JSNS</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math> detector location, located at 24 meters distance from the mercury target. This flux measurement is consistent with predictions from simulations based on hadron models.

T. Dodo

M.K. Cheoun

J.H. Choi

J.Y. Choi

J. Goh

K. Haga

M. Harada

S. Hasegawa

W. Hwang

H.I. Jang

J.S. Jang

K.K. Joo

D.E. Jung

S.K. Kang

Y. Kasugai

T. Kawasaki

E.M. Kim

E.J. Kim

S.Y. Kim

S.B. Kim

H. Kinoshita

T. Konno

D.H. Lee

C. Little

T. Maruyama

E. Marzec

S. Masuda

S. Meigo

D.H. Moon

T. Nakano

M. Niiyama

K. Nishikawa

M.Y. Pac

B.J. Park

H.W. Park

J.B. Park

J.S. Park

R.G. Park

S.J.M. Peeters

J.W. Ryu

K. Sakai

S. Sakamoto

T. Shima

C.D. Shin

J. Spitz

F. Suekane

Y. Sugaya

K. Suzuya

Y. Yamaguchi

I.S. Yeo

I. Yu

First <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>JSNS</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math> measurement of the electron neutrino flux using the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><mrow><mmultiscripts><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></mrow><mprescripts></mprescripts><none></none><mrow><mn>12</mn></mrow></mmultiscripts></mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msub><mrow><mi>ν</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub><mo>,</mo><msup><mrow><mi>e</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mmultiscripts><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi><mo>.</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi><mo>.</mo></mrow></msub></mrow><mprescripts></mprescripts><none></none><mrow><mn>12</mn></mrow></mmultiscripts></mrow></math> reaction

Short-distance constraints from the operator product expansion in QCD play an important role in the evaluation of the hadronic light-by-light scattering contribution to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon. Holographic QCD has been shown to naturally incorporate the Melnikov-Vainshtein constraint on the longitudinal amplitude following from the triangle anomaly in the asymmetric limit, where one photon virtuality remains small compared to the others. This is saturated by an infinite tower of axial vector mesons, and their numerical contribution to the muon <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><mi>g</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math> in AdS/QCD models agrees rather well with a recent dispersive analysis. However, in AdS/QCD, the longitudinal short-distance constraint where all virtualities are large turns out to be matched only at the level of 81%. In this Letter we show that tensor mesons, whose contribution to the muon <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>g</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></math> has recently been found to be underestimated, can fill this gap because in holographic QCD their infinite tower of excited mesons only contributes to the symmetric longitudinal short-distance constraint. Numerically, they give rise to a sizeable positive contribution from the low-energy region below 1.5 GeV, a small one from the mixed region, and a negligible one from the high-energy region, which could explain the remaining gap between the most recent dispersive and lattice results for the complete hadronic light-by-light contribution.

Austria

Jonas Mager

Luigi Cappiello

Josef Leutgeb

Anton Rebhan

Longitudinal Short-Distance Constraints on Hadronic Light-by-Light Scattering and Tensor-Meson Contributions to the Muon <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><mi>g</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math>

Correlations among conserved quantum numbers, such as the net-electric charge, the net-baryon, and the net-strangeness in heavy-ion collisions, are crucial for exploring the QCD phase diagram. In this paper, these correlations are investigated using net-proton number (as a proxy for the net-baryon), net-kaon number (for the net-strangeness), and net-charged particle number in Pb-Pb collisions at $$\sqrt{{s}_{\text{NN}}}$$ = 5$\textit{.}$02 TeV with the ALICE detector. The observed correlations deviate from the Poissonian baseline, with a more pronounced deviation at LHC energies than at RHIC. Theoretical calculations of the Thermal-FIST hadron resonance gas model, HIJING, and EPOS LHC event generators are compared with experimental results, where a significant impact of resonance decays is observed. Thermal-FIST calculations under the grand canonical and canonical ensembles highlight significant differences, underscoring the role of local charge conservation in explaining the data. Recent lattice QCD studies have demonstrated that the magnetic field generated by spectator protons in heavy-ion collisions affects susceptibility ratios, in particular those related to the net-electric charge and the net-baryon numbers. The experimental findings are in qualitative agreement with the expectations of lattice QCD.

G. Aglieri Rinella

R. Alfaro Molina

Measurement of correlations among net-charge, net-proton, and net-kaon multiplicity distributions in Pb-Pb collisions at $$\sqrt{{{\varvec{s}}}_{\mathbf{N}\mathbf{N}}}$$ = 5$\textit{.}$02 TeV

A measurement is presented of the cross section in proton-proton collisions for the production of two <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>W</mi></math> bosons and one <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>Z</mi></math> boson. It is based on data recorded by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC at center-of-mass energies <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msqrt><mi>s</mi></msqrt><mo>=</mo><mn>13</mn></math> and 13.6 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mn>200</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><msup><mi>fb</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math>. Events with four charged leptons (electrons or muons) in the final state are selected. Both nonresonant <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>W</mi><mi>W</mi><mi>Z</mi></math> production and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>Z</mi><mi>H</mi></math> production, with the Higgs boson decaying into two <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>W</mi></math> bosons, are reported. For the first time, the two processes are measured separately in a simultaneous fit. Combining the two modes, signal strengths relative to the standard model (SM) predictions of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msubsup><mn>0.75</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>0.29</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo><mn>0.34</mn></mrow></msubsup></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msubsup><mn>1.74</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>0.60</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo><mn>0.71</mn></mrow></msubsup></math> are measured for <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msqrt><mi>s</mi></msqrt><mo>=</mo><mn>13</mn></math> and 13.6 TeV, respectively. The observed (expected) significance for the triboson signal is 3.8 (2.5) standard deviations for <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><msqrt><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow></msqrt><mo>=</mo><mn>13.6</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mi>TeV</mi></mrow></math>, thus providing the first evidence for triboson production at this center-of-mass energy. Combining the two modes and the two center-of-mass energies, the inclusive signal strength relative to the SM prediction is measured to be <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msubsup><mn>1.03</mn><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>0.28</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo><mn>0.31</mn></mrow></msubsup></math>, with an observed (expected) significance of 4.5 (5.0) standard deviations.

Armenia

A. Hayrapetyan

V. Makarenko

A. Tumasyan

Measurement of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>W</mi><mi>W</mi><mi>Z</mi></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>Z</mi><mi>H</mi></math> Production Cross Sections at <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msqrt><mi>s</mi></msqrt><mo>=</mo><mn>13</mn></math> and 13.6 TeV