Linear confinement with Casimir scaling of the string tension in confining gauge theories is a consequence of a certain property of the Polyakov loop related to random matrices. This mechanism does not depend on the details of the theories (neither the gauge group nor dimensions) and explains approximate Casimir scaling below string-breaking length. In this paper, we study 3d SU(2) pure Yang-Mills theory numerically and find the same random-matrix behavior for rectangular Wilson loops. We conjecture that this is a universal feature of strongly coupled confining gauge theories.

Germany

Georg Bergner

United Kingdom

Vaibhav Gautam

Masanori Hanada

China

Jack Holden

Wilson loops and random matrices

We present our investigations of SU(N) adjoint QCD in two dimensions with one Majorana fermion on the lattice. We determine the relevant parameter range for the simulations with Wilson fermions and present results for Polyakov loop, chiral condensate, and string tension. In the theory with massive fermions, all observables we checked show qualitative agreement between numerical lattice data and theory, while the massless limit is more subtle since chiral and non-invertible symmetry of the continuum theory are explicitly broken by lattice regularization. In thermal compactification, we observe N perturbative vacua for the holonomy potential at high-T with instanton events connecting them, and a unique vacuum at low-T. At finite-N, this is a cross-over and it turns to a phase transition at large-N thermodynamic limit. In circle compactification with periodic boundary conditions, we observe a unique center-symmetric minimum at any radius. In continuum, the instantons in the thermal case carry zero modes (for even N) and indeed, in the lattice simulations, we observe that chiral condensate is dominated by instanton centers, where zero modes are localized. We present lattice results on the issue of confinement vs. screening in the theory and comment on the roles of chiral symmetry and non-invertible symmetry.

Stefano Piemonte

United States

Mithat Ünsal

Investigating two-dimensional adjoint QCD on the lattice

We propose an orbifold lattice formulation of QCD suitable for quantum simulations. We show explicitly how to encode gauge degrees of freedom into qubits using noncompact variables, and how to write down a simple truncated Hamiltonian in the coordinate basis. We show that SU(3) gauge group variables and quarks in the fundamental representation can be implemented straightforwardly on qubits, for arbitrary truncation of the gauge manifold.

Japan

Enrico Rinaldi

Andreas Schäfer

Toward QCD on quantum computer: orbifold lattice approach

We present new investigations on the Adjoint Filtering Method (AFM), a proposal for filtering gauge configurations by using adjoint zero modes. This method relies on the existence of the Supersymmetric Zero Mode (SZM), whose density follows the gauge action density for classical configurations. We review how a similar construction on the lattice is implemented based on the overlap operator and test the method against smooth configurations showing a remarkable agreement with the expected densities even when pairs of fractionals instanton/anti-instantons are present and noise is added. Then we explore the application of the method to Monte Carlo generated configurations based on SU(2) gauge group. The tuning of the parameters and quantitative results are explicitly shown for a T 3 × R lattice. We show explicit examples comparing the AFM to the density obtained from the Gradient Flow. The agreement is remarkable for some specific configurations containing fractional instantons with the advantage that the AFM does not modify the underlying structures.

Spain

Antonio González-Arroyo

Ivan Soler

Identifying topological structures with adjoint mode filtering

We explain the microscopic origin of linear confinement potential with the Casimir scaling in generic confining gauge theories. In the low-temperature regime of confining gauge theories such as QCD, Polyakov lines are slowly varying Haar random modulo exponentially small corrections with respect to the inverse temperature, as shown by one of the authors (M. H.) and Watanabe. With exact Haar randomness, computation of the two-point correlator of Polyakov loops reduces to the problem of random walk on group manifold. Linear confinement potential with approximate Casimir scaling except at short distances follows naturally from slowly varying Haar randomness. With exponentially small corrections to Haar randomness, string breaking and loss of Casimir scaling at long distance follow. Hence we obtain the Casimir scaling which is only approximate and holds only at intermediate distance, which is precisely needed to explain the results of lattice simulations. For (1 + 1)-dimensional theories, there is a simplification that admits the Casimir scaling at short distances as well.

Color confinement and random matrices. A random walk down group manifold toward Casimir scaling

We extend our analysis of bound states in  $${\mathcal {N}}=1$$  <math> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math>   supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory by the consideration of baryonic operators, which are composed of three gluino fields. The corresponding states are similar to the baryons in QCD, but due to the difference between gluino and quark fields, their properties and the fermion line contractions involved in their correlation functions are different from QCD. In this work, we first explain the derivation of these operators and the contractions needed in numerical calculations of their correlators. In contrast to QCD the correlators contain a spectacle piece, which requires methods for all-to-all propagators. We provide a first estimate of the two-point function and the mass of the lightest baryonic state in  $${\mathcal {N}}=1$$  <math> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math>   supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory.

Pakistan

Sajid Ali

Camilo López

Istvan Montvay

Gernot Münster

Baryonic states in  $$\mathbf {{\mathcal {N}}=1}$$  <math> <mrow> <mi>N</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </math>   supersymmetric SU(2) Yang–Mills theory on the lattice

We test the gauge/gravity duality between the matrix model and type IIA string theory at low temperatures with unprecedented accuracy. To this end, we perform lattice Monte Carlo simulations of the Berenstein-Maldacena-Nastase (BMN) matrix model, which is the one-parameter deformation of the Banks-Fischler-Shenker-Susskind (BFSS) matrix model, taking both the large N and continuum limits. We leverage the fact that sufficiently small flux parameters in the BMN matrix model have a negligible impact on the energy of the system while stabilizing the flat directions so that simulations at smaller N than in the BFSS matrix model are possible. Hence, we can perform a precision measurement of the large N continuum energy at the lowest temperatures to date. The energy is in perfect agreement with supergravity predictions including estimations of α′-corrections from previous simulations. At the lowest temperature where we can simulate efficiently (T = 0.25λ 1/3, where λ is the ’t Hooft coupling), the difference in energy to the pure supergravity prediction is less than 10%. Furthermore, we can extract the coefficient of the 1/N 4 corrections at a fixed temperature with good accuracy, which was previously unknown.

Stratos Pateloudis

Pavlos Vranas

Hiromasa Watanabe

Norbert Bodendorfer

Precision test of gauge/gravity duality in D0-brane matrix model at low temperature

In this work we investigate the infrared behavior of a Yang-Mills theory coupled to a massless fermion in the adjoint representation of the gauge group SU(2). This model has many interesting properties, corresponding to the <math><mi>N</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn></math> super-Yang-Mills theory without scalars and in the recent years there has been an increasing interest toward understanding whether confinement and fermion condensation occur at low energy. We simulate the theory on the lattice close to the massless limit using the overlap discretization of the fermion action, allowing a precise and clean study of the chiral symmetry-breaking pattern and of the fermion condensate. We present results for the scale setting, the condensate, and the running of the coupling constant through the gradient flow—all of them pointing to a theory without an infrared fixed point and remaining confined deep in the infrared regime.

Juan Camilo Lopez

Ivan Soler Calero

Lattice simulations of adjoint QCD with one Dirac overlap fermion

We test a conjecture by Maldacena and Milekhin for the ungauged version of the Berenstein-Maldacena-Nastase (BMN) matrix model by lattice Monte Carlo simulation. The numerical results reproduce the perturbative and gravity results in the limit of large and small flux parameter, respectively, and are consistent with the conjecture.

Nonperturbative test of the Maldacena-Milekhin conjecture for the BMN matrix model

We study the confinement/deconfinement transition in the D0-brane matrix model (often called the BFSS matrix model) and its one-parameter deformation (the BMN matrix model) numerically by lattice Monte Carlo simulations. Our results confirm general expectations from the dual string/M-theory picture for strong coupling. In particular, we observe the confined phase in the BFSS matrix model, which is a nontrivial consequence of the M-theory picture. We suggest that these models provide us with an ideal framework to study the Schwarzschild black hole, M-theory, and furthermore, the parameter region of the phase transition between type IIA superstring theory and M-theory. A detailed study of M-theory via lattice Monte Carlo simulations of the D0-brane matrix model might be doable with much smaller computational resources than previously expected.