The production of heavy-quark (HQ) jets is a new area that addresses the mass effect of jet quenching in heavy-ion physics. This paper presents a theoretical study of HQ jet yield suppression in Pb+Pb collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and focuses on the energy loss of HQ jets produced by different mechanisms. The $\textit{p+p}$ baseline is provided by the generator simulation of high-energy reactions of particles (SHERPA), and the jet-medium interactions are described by the SHELL transport model, which considers the elastic and inelastic partonic energy loss in the quark-gluon plasma (QGP). In $\textit{p+p}$ collisions, our numerical results indicate that the HQ jets from gluon splitting ( $ g \rightarrow Q $ -jet) are the dominant contribution at high $ p_T $ , displaying more dispersive structures than the HQ-initiated ( $ Q \rightarrow Q $ -jet). In nucleus-nucleus collisions, our calculations were consistent with the inclusive and b-jet $ R_{AA} $ recently measured by the ATLAS collaboration, revealing a remarkable manifestation of the mass effect of jet energy loss. As a result of the dispersive substructure, the $ g \rightarrow Q $ -jet loses more energy than the $ Q \rightarrow Q $ -jet in the QGP. Due to the significant contribution of $ g \rightarrow c $ -jet, the $ R_{AA} $ of $\textit{c}$-jet is comparable or even smaller than that of inclusive jet. To experimentally distinguish the $ g \rightarrow Q $ -jet and $ Q \rightarrow Q $ -jet, we propose event selection strategies based on their topological features and test their performances. By isolating the $ c \rightarrow c $ -jet, $ b \rightarrow b $ -jet, and the jets initiated by heavy quarks, we predicted that the order of their $ R_{AA} $ are in line with the mass hierarchy of energy loss. Future measurements on the $ R_{AA} $ of $ Q \rightarrow Q $ -jet and $ g \rightarrow Q $ -jet will provide a unique opportunity for testing the flavor/mass dependence of energy loss at the jet level.

China

Sa Wang

Shuang Li

Yao Li

Ben-Wei Zhang

Enke Wang

Probing the mass effect of heavy quark jets in high-energy nuclear collisions * Supported by the MajorProject of Basic and Applied Basic Research of Guangdong Province, China (2020B0301030008, 2023A1515011460), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11935007, 12035007, 12247127, 12375137). Sa Wang is supported by the Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of Quark and Lepton Physics (MOE) (QLPL2023P01) and the Talent Scientific Star-up Foundation of the China Three Gorges University, China (CTGU) (2024RCKJ013)

We have phenomenologically investigated the decays <math><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msubsup><mo>→</mo><mi>X</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>3872</mn><mo>)</mo><msup><mrow><mi>π</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><msup><mrow><mi>π</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup><mo>(</mo><msup><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><msup><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup><mo>)</mo></mrow></math> and <math><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msubsup><mo>→</mo><mspace></mspace><mi>ψ</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>S</mi><mo>)</mo><msup><mrow><mi>π</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><msup><mrow><mi>π</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup><mo>(</mo><msup><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><msup><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup><mo>)</mo></mrow></math>. In our analysis, the scalar meson <math><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>(</mo><mn>980</mn><mo>)</mo></math> is formed through the final state interactions of coupled channels <math><mi>π</mi><mi>π</mi></math> and <math><mi>K</mi><mover><mi>K</mi><mo>¯</mo></mover></math>. Our findings indicate that the <math><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></math> invariant mass distribution of the <math><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msubsup><mo>→</mo><mi>ψ</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>S</mi><mo>)</mo><msup><mrow><mi>π</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><msup><mrow><mi>π</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></math> decay can be accurately reproduced. Furthermore, we have explored the <math><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>−</mo></msup><mo>(</mo><msup><mi>K</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msup><mi>K</mi><mo>−</mo></msup><mo>)</mo></math> invariant mass distribution of the <math><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msubsup><mo>→</mo><mi>X</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>3872</mn><mo>)</mo><msup><mrow><mi>π</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><msup><mrow><mi>π</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup><mo>(</mo><msup><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><msup><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup><mo>)</mo></mrow></math> decay, accounting for the different production mechanisms between <math><mi>X</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>3872</mn><mo>)</mo></math> and <math><mi>ψ</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>S</mi><mo>)</mo></math>, up to a global factor. It is found that the production rates for <math><mi>X</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>3872</mn><mo>)</mo></math> and <math><mi>ψ</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>S</mi><mo>)</mo></math> are much different, which indicates that the structure of <math><mi>X</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>3872</mn><mo>)</mo></math> is more complicated than the <math><mi>ψ</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>S</mi><mo>)</mo></math>, which is a conventional <math><mi>c</mi><mover><mi>c</mi><mo>¯</mo></mover></math> state. Additionally, we have considered the contributions from <math><msub><mi>f</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>(</mo><mn>1500</mn><mo>)</mo></math> to <math><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></math> and the <math><mi>ϕ</mi></math> meson to <math><msup><mi>K</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msup><mi>K</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></math> in our analysis. Utilizing the model parameters, we have calculated the branching fraction of <math><msubsup><mi>B</mi><mi>s</mi><mn>0</mn></msubsup><mo>→</mo><mi>X</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>3872</mn><mo>)</mo><msup><mi>K</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msup><mi>K</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></math>, and anticipate that the findings of our study can be experimentally tested in the future.

Hao-Nan Wang

Li-Sheng Geng

Gang Li

Ju-Jun Xie

Analysis of <math><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msubsup><mo>→</mo><mi>X</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>3872</mn><mo>)</mo><mo>[</mo><mi>ψ</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>S</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>]</mo><msup><mrow><mi>π</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><msup><mrow><mi>π</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup><mo>(</mo><msup><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><msup><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo></mrow></msup><mo>)</mo></mrow></math> decays

Recently, the BESIII Collaboration has measured the <math><msubsup><mi>D</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>+</mo></msubsup><mo>→</mo><msup><mi>π</mi><mn>0</mn></msup><msup><mi>K</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msubsup><mi>K</mi><mi>S</mi><mn>0</mn></msubsup></math> decay and reported the observation of scalar meson <math><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>(</mo><mn>1710</mn><msup><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo></msup></math> in the <math><msup><mi>K</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msubsup><mi>K</mi><mi>S</mi><mn>0</mn></msubsup></math> invariant mass spectrum. Based on the previous study about such a state in the <math><msubsup><mi>D</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>+</mo></msubsup><mo>→</mo><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msubsup><mi>K</mi><mi>S</mi><mn>0</mn></msubsup><msubsup><mi>K</mi><mi>S</mi><mn>0</mn></msubsup></math> decay, we perform a theoretical study of <math><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>(</mo><mn>1710</mn><msup><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo></msup></math> in the process <math><msubsup><mi>D</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>+</mo></msubsup><mo>→</mo><msup><mi>π</mi><mn>0</mn></msup><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>(</mo><mn>1710</mn><msup><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo></msup><mo>→</mo><msup><mi>π</mi><mn>0</mn></msup><msup><mi>K</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msubsup><mi>K</mi><mi>S</mi><mn>0</mn></msubsup></math>. In addition to the <math><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>(</mo><mn>1710</mn><mo>)</mo></math> state, the contributions of <math><msup><mi>K</mi><mo>*</mo></msup></math> and <math><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>(</mo><mn>980</mn><mo>)</mo></math> are also taken into account. Firstly, we consider the contributions from the tree diagrams of <math><msup><mi>K</mi><mrow><mo>*</mo><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><mo>→</mo><msup><mi>K</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msup><mi>π</mi><mn>0</mn></msup></math> and <math><msup><mover><mi>K</mi><mo>¯</mo></mover><mrow><mo>*</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></msup><mo>→</mo><msup><mi>π</mi><mn>0</mn></msup><msup><mover><mi>K</mi><mo>¯</mo></mover><mn>0</mn></msup></math>. Secondly, we describe the final state interaction of <math><mi>K</mi><mover><mi>K</mi><mo>¯</mo></mover></math> in the chiral unitary approach to study the contribution of <math><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>(</mo><mn>980</mn><mo>)</mo></math>, while the <math><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>(</mo><mn>1710</mn><mo>)</mo></math> state is dynamically generated from the <math><msup><mi>K</mi><mo>*</mo></msup><msup><mover><mi>K</mi><mo>¯</mo></mover><mo>*</mo></msup></math> interaction, and then decays into <math><msup><mi>K</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msup><mover><mi>K</mi><mo>¯</mo></mover><mn>0</mn></msup></math>. Since the final <math><msup><mi>K</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msubsup><mi>K</mi><mi>S</mi><mn>0</mn></msubsup></math> state is in pure isospin <math><mi>I</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></math>, the <math><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>D</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo>→</mo><msup><mrow><mi>π</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msup><msup><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><msubsup><mrow><mi>K</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>S</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math> decay is an ideal process to study the <math><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>(</mo><mn>1710</mn><msup><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo></msup></math> and <math><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>(</mo><mn>980</mn><msup><mo>)</mo><mo>+</mo></msup></math> resonances. It is found that the recent BESIII experimental measurements on the <math><msup><mi>K</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msubsup><mi>K</mi><mi>S</mi><mn>0</mn></msubsup></math>, <math><msup><mi>π</mi><mn>0</mn></msup><msup><mi>K</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></math>, and <math><msup><mi>π</mi><mn>0</mn></msup><msubsup><mi>K</mi><mi>S</mi><mn>0</mn></msubsup></math> invariant mass distributions can be well reproduced, which supports the molecular <math><msup><mi>K</mi><mo>*</mo></msup><msup><mover><mi>K</mi><mo>¯</mo></mover><mo>*</mo></msup></math> nature of the scalar <math><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>(</mo><mn>1710</mn><mo>)</mo></math> resonance.

Xin Zhu

De-Min Li

En Wang

Role of scalar mesons <math><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>(</mo><mn>980</mn><mo>)</mo></math> and <math><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>(</mo><mn>1710</mn><mo>)</mo></math> in the <math><msubsup><mi>D</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>+</mo></msubsup><mo>→</mo><msup><mi>π</mi><mn>0</mn></msup><msup><mi>K</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msubsup><mi>K</mi><mi>S</mi><mn>0</mn></msubsup></math> decay

With the new measurements of <math><mi>X</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>3872</mn><mo>)</mo><mo>→</mo><mi>J</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>ψ</mi><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></math> from LHCb Collaboration, in addition to the dominant contribution from the <math><msup><mi>ρ</mi><mn>0</mn></msup></math> meson, we perform a theoretical study on the contribution of <math><mi>ω</mi></math> meson in the <math><mi>X</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>3872</mn><mo>)</mo><mo>→</mo><mi>J</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>ψ</mi><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></math> and <math><mi>X</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>3872</mn><mo>)</mo><mo>→</mo><mi>J</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>ψ</mi><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>−</mo></msup><msup><mi>π</mi><mn>0</mn></msup></math> processes. For the <math><mi>X</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>3872</mn><mo>)</mo><mo>→</mo><mi>J</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>ψ</mi><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></math> decay, in addition to the main contribution from <math><msup><mi>ρ</mi><mn>0</mn></msup></math> meson, we consider also the <math><mi>X</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>3872</mn><mo>)</mo><mi>J</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>ψ</mi><mi>ω</mi></math> coupling with <math><mi>ω</mi></math> meson decaying directly into <math><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></math>. It is found that the recent experimental measurements on the <math><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></math> invariant mass distributions can be well reproduced, and the ratio of the couplings between <math><mi>X</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>3872</mn><mo>)</mo><mo>→</mo><mi>J</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>ψ</mi><msup><mi>ρ</mi><mn>0</mn></msup></math> and <math><mi>X</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>3872</mn><mo>)</mo><mo>→</mo><mi>J</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>ψ</mi><mi>ω</mi></math> is also evaluated. Within the parameters extracted from the <math><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></math> invariant mass distributions of the <math><mi>X</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>3872</mn><mo>)</mo><mo>→</mo><mi>J</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>ψ</mi><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></math> process, the branching fractions of the <math><mi>X</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>3872</mn><mo>)</mo><mo>→</mo><mi>J</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>ψ</mi><mi>ω</mi></math> channel relative to that of the <math><mi>X</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>3872</mn><mo>)</mo><mo>→</mo><mi>J</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>ψ</mi><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>−</mo></msup><msup><mi>π</mi><mn>0</mn></msup></math> channel and the <math><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>−</mo></msup><msup><mi>π</mi><mn>0</mn></msup></math> invariant mass distributions of the <math><mi>X</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>3872</mn><mo>)</mo><mo>→</mo><mi>J</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>ψ</mi><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>−</mo></msup><msup><mi>π</mi><mn>0</mn></msup></math> decay are calculated, which gives a hint for the further high-statistic experiment.

Qian Wang

Theoretical study on the contributions of <math><mi>ω</mi></math> meson to the <math><mi>X</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>3872</mn><mo>)</mo><mo>→</mo><mi>J</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>ψ</mi><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></math> and <math><mi>J</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>ψ</mi><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>−</mo></msup><msup><mi>π</mi><mn>0</mn></msup></math> decays

We describe predictions for top quark pair differential distributions at hadron colliders, by combining the next-to-next-to-leading order quantum chromodynamics calculations and next-to-leading order electroweak corrections with double resummation at the next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy of threshold logarithms and small-mass logarithms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to present such a combination, which incorporates all known perturbative information. Numerical results are presented for the invariant-mass distribution, transverse-momentum distribution, and rapidity distributions.

Germany

Michał Czakon

United States

Andrea Ferroglia

United Kingdom

Alexander Mitov

Davide Pagani

Andrew S. Papanastasiou

Benjamin D. Pecjak

Netherlands

Darren J. Scott

Sweden

Ioannis Tsinikos

Xing Wang

Li Lin Yang

Italy

Marco Zaro

Top quark pair production at complete NLO accuracy with NNLO+NNLL′ corrections in QCD L. L. Yang and X. Wang are supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11975030, 11635001, 11575004). X. Wang is also supported in part by the Cluster of Excellence PRISMA+ (project ID 39083149). D. J. S. is supported under the ERC grant ERC-STG2015-677323. The work of D. P. and I. T. is supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, in the framework of the Sofja Kovalevskaja Award Project "Event Simulation for the Large Hadron Collider at High Precision". D. P. is also supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy – EXC 2121"Quantum Univers" – 390833306. I. T. is also supported by the Swedish Research Council under contract number 2016-05996. The research of A. M. and A. P. has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (683211) as well as from UK STFC grants ST/L002760/1 and ST/K004883/1. The work of M. C. was supported in part by a grant of the BMBF and by the Deutsche Forschungs-gemeinschaft under grant 396021762 - TRR 257
						