It has previously been shown how the gravitational thermal partition function can be obtained from a Lorentzian path integral. Unlike the Euclidean case, the integration contour over Lorentzian metrics is not immediately ruled out by the conformal factor problem. One can then ask whether this contour can be deformed to pick up nontrivial contributions from various saddle points. In Einstein-Maxwell theory, we argue that the relevance of each black hole saddle to the thermal partition function depends on its thermodynamic stability against variations in energy, angular momentum, and charge. The argument involves consideration of constrained saddles where area and quantities associated with angular momentum and charge are fixed on a codimension-two surface. Consequently, this surface possesses not only a conical singularity, but two other types of singularities. The latter are characterized by shifts along the surface and along the Maxwell gauge group acquired as one winds around near the surface in a metric-orthogonal and connection-horizontal manner. We first study this enlarged class of codimension-two singularities in generality and propose an action for singular configurations. We then incorporate these configurations into the path integral calculation of the partition function, focusing on three-dimensional spacetimes to simplify the treatment of angular momentum.

United States

Hong Chen

Thermodynamic stability from Lorentzian path integrals and codimension-two singularities

General one-loop formulas for loop-induced processes $gg/\gamma \gamma \rightarrow \phi_i\phi_j$ with $\phi_i\phi_j = hh,~hH,~HH$ are presented in this paper. The analytic expressions evaluated in this study are valid for a class of Higgs Extensions of the Standard Model, $\textit{e.g.,}$ Inert Doublet Higgs, Two Higgs Doublet, Zee-Babu, and Triplet Higgs Models$\textit{.}$ Analytic expressions for one-loop form factors are expressesd in terms of the basic scalar one-loop two-, three-, and four-point functions following the output format of the packages $ {\tt LoopTools}$ and $ {\tt Collier}$ . Hence, physical results can be evaluated numerically using one of these packages. The analytic results are tested using several checks such as the ultraviolet finiteness and infrared finiteness of the one-loop amplitudes. Furthermore, the amplitudes obey the ward identity due to massless gauge bosons in the initial states. This identity is also verified numerically. Regarding applications, we present the phenomenological results for the investigated processes in the Zee-Babu model as a typical example. In particular, production cross-sections for the processes $\gamma \gamma\rightarrow hh$ are scanned over the parameter space of the Zee-Babu Model.

Vietnam

Khiem Hong Phan

Dzung Tri Tran

Thanh Huy Nguyen

One-loop analytical expressions for $\textit{gg}$/$\textit{γγ}$ → ϕ$_{i}$ϕ$_{j}$ in Higgs extensions of the standard model and their applications * This research is supported by Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (103.01-2023.16). Khiem Hong Phan and Dzung Tri Tran express their gratitude to all the valuable support from Duy Tan University, for the 30th anniversary of establishment (Nov. 11, 1994 - Nov. 11, 2024) towards ''Integral, Sustainable and Stable Development''

We revisit the calculation of vacuum entanglement entropy in free Maxwell theory in four-dimensional Minkowski spacetime. Weyl invariance allows for this theory to be embedded as a patch inside the Einstein static universe. We use conformal inversions to extend the conformal primary solutions of the equations of motion labelled by a boost-weight ∆ = 1 + $\textit{iλ}$ to an inverted Minkowski patch centered at spacelike infinity of the original patch. For $\textit{λ}$ ≠ 0 these solutions admit an expansion in terms of wavefunctions supported in the (future) Milne wedges of the original and inverted Minkowski patches, that diagonalize the respective Milne times. The Minkowski vacuum can then be described as a thermofield double state on these two Milne wedges. We characterize the soft sectors of $\textit{λ}$ = 0 modes supported in the two Milne wedges. Upon reinterpreting the non-pure gauge $\textit{λ}$ = 0 wavefunctions as sourced by image charges in the inverse Minkowski patch, we construct an appropriate entangling constraint in the Minkowski theory, thereby characterizing the physical state space. We show that the edge mode contribution to the vacuum entanglement entropy is due to correlations between the soft charges of the two Milne patches, or equivalently non-trivial conformally soft mode configurations at the entangling surface.

Canada

Robert Myers

United Kingdom

Ana-Maria Raclariu

Entanglement, soft modes, and celestial CFT

We systematically investigate the mass spectrum and two-body open-charm strong decays of charmonium states in a coupled-channel model where the  $$^3P_0$$  <math> <mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mrow></mrow> <mrow></mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mmultiscripts> <msub> <mi>P</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math>   quark-antiquark pair creation mechanism is employed. The results of masses, mass shifts, proportions of the  $$c\bar{c}$$  <math> <mrow> <mi>c</mi> <mover> <mrow> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> </math>   component, and open-charm decay widths are provided. The S-D wave mixing angles and di-electric decay widths for vector mesons are also presented. Based on our results, we find that the  $$\psi (3770)$$  <math> <mrow> <mi>ψ</mi> <mo>(</mo> <mn>3770</mn> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </math>  ,  $$\psi (4040)$$  <math> <mrow> <mi>ψ</mi> <mo>(</mo> <mn>4040</mn> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </math>  ,  $$\psi (4160)$$  <math> <mrow> <mi>ψ</mi> <mo>(</mo> <mn>4160</mn> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </math>  ,  $$\psi (4360)$$  <math> <mrow> <mi>ψ</mi> <mo>(</mo> <mn>4360</mn> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </math>  , and  $$\psi (4415)$$  <math> <mrow> <mi>ψ</mi> <mo>(</mo> <mn>4415</mn> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </math>   can be assigned as the  $$1^3D_1$$  <math> <mrow> <msup> <mn>1</mn> <mn>3</mn> </msup> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math>  -,  $$3^3S_1$$  <math> <mrow> <msup> <mn>3</mn> <mn>3</mn> </msup> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math>  -,  $$2^3D_1$$  <math> <mrow> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mn>3</mn> </msup> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math>  -,  $$4^3S_1$$  <math> <mrow> <msup> <mn>4</mn> <mn>3</mn> </msup> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math>  -, and  $$3^3D_1$$  <math> <mrow> <msup> <mn>3</mn> <mn>3</mn> </msup> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math>  -dominated charmonium states, respectively. The  $$\psi _3(3842)$$  <math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>ψ</mi> <mn>3</mn> </msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mn>3842</mn> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math>   is a good candidate of the  $$\psi _3(1D)$$  <math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>ψ</mi> <mn>3</mn> </msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mi>D</mi> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math>   charmonium state. The calculated mass and strong decay width of  $$\chi _{c1}(2P)$$  <math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow> <mi>c</mi> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>P</mi> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math>   with significant continuum contribution ( $$\sim $$  <math> <mo>∼</mo> </math>  57%) favor the charmonium interpretation for the mysterious  $$\chi _{c1}(3872)$$  <math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow> <mi>c</mi> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mn>3872</mn> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math>  . When considering the large uncertainty in the observed decay width, the possibility to assign the  $$\chi _{c0}(3860)$$  <math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow> <mi>c</mi> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mn>3860</mn> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math>   as the  $$\chi _{c0}(2P)$$  <math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow> <mi>c</mi> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>P</mi> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math>   charmonium state cannot be ruled out. One may describe well the properties of  $$\chi _{c2}(3930)$$  <math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow> <mi>c</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mn>3930</mn> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math>   with the  $$\chi _{c2}(2P)$$  <math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>χ</mi> <mrow> <mi>c</mi> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>P</mi> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math>   charmonium. The predictions on properties of other  $$c\bar{c}$$  <math> <mrow> <mi>c</mi> <mover> <mrow> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>¯</mo> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> </math>   states can be tested by future experiments.

China

Zi-Long Man

Cheng-Rui Shu

Yan-Rui Liu

Charmonium states in a coupled-channel model

The identification of jets originating from quarks and gluons, often referred to as quark/gluon tagging, plays an important role in various analyses performed at the Large Hadron Collider, as Standard Model measurements and searches for new particles decaying to quarks often rely on suppressing a large gluon-induced background. This paper describes the measurement of the efficiencies of quark/gluon taggers developed within the ATLAS Collaboration, using $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV proton–proton collision data with an integrated luminosity of 140 fb $^{-1}$ collected by the ATLAS experiment. Two taggers with high performances in rejecting jets from gluon over jets from quarks are studied: one tagger is based on requirements on the number of inner-detector tracks associated with the jet, and the other combines several jet substructure observables using a boosted decision tree. A method is established to determine the quark/gluon fraction in data, by using quark/gluon-enriched subsamples defined by the jet pseudorapidity. Differences in tagging efficiency between data and simulation are provided for jets with transverse momentum between 500 GeV and 2 TeV and for multiple tagger working points.

France

G. Aad

B. Abbott

Germany

K. Abeling

N.J. Abicht

S.H. Abidi

Morocco

A. Aboulhorma

Israel

H. Abramowicz

H. Abreu

Y. Abulaiti

Italy

B.S. Acharya

C. Adam Bourdarios

Poland

L. Adamczyk

S.V. Addepalli

M.J. Addison

J. Adelman

A. Adiguzel

T. Adye

A.A. Affolder

Switzerland

Y. Afik

Spain

M.N. Agaras

J. Agarwala

A. Aggarwal

Romania

C. Agheorghiesei

A. Ahmad

Azerbaijan

F. Ahmadov

W.S. Ahmed

S. Ahuja

X. Ai

G. Aielli

A. Aikot

M. Ait Tamlihat

B. Aitbenchikh

I. Aizenberg

M. Akbiyik

Sweden

T.P.A. Åkesson

A.V. Akimov

Japan

D. Akiyama

N.N. Akolkar

K. Al Khoury

G.L. Alberghi

J. Albert

P. Albicocco

G.L. Albouy

S. Alderweireldt

M. Aleksa

I.N. Aleksandrov

C. Alexa

Greece

T. Alexopoulos

F. Alfonsi

M. Algren

M. Alhroob

Czechia

B. Ali

H.M.J. Ali

S. Ali

S.W. Alibocus

M. Aliev

G. Alimonti

W. Alkakhi

C. Allaire

B.M.M. Allbrooke

J.F. Allen

Chile

C.A. Allendes Flores

P.P. Allport

A. Aloisio

Argentina

F. Alonso

C. Alpigiani

M. Alvarez Estevez

A. Alvarez Fernandez

M. Alves Cardoso

M.G. Alviggi

M. Aly

Brazil

Y. Amaral Coutinho

A. Ambler

C. Amelung

M. Amerl

C.G. Ames

D. Amidei

Portugal

S.P. Amor Dos Santos

K.R. Amos

Norway

V. Ananiev

C. Anastopoulos

T. Andeen

J.K. Anders

S.Y. Andrean

A. Andreazza

S. Angelidakis

A. Angerami

A.V. Anisenkov

A. Annovi

C. Antel

M.T. Anthony

E. Antipov

M. Antonelli

F. Anulli

M. Aoki

T. Aoki

J.A. Aparisi Pozo

M.A. Aparo

L. Aperio Bella

C. Appelt

Performance and calibration of quark/gluon-jet taggers using 140 fb$^{−1}$ of $\textit{pp}$ collisions at ${{\sqrt{\boldsymbol s}\bf = 13}}$ TeV with the ATLAS detector * We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; ANID, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; Minciencias, Colombia; MEYS CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS and CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF and MPG, Germany; GSRI, Greece; RGC and Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MEiN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZŠ, Slovenia; DSI/NRF, South Africa; MICINN, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taipei; TENMAK, Türkiye; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, CANARIE, CRC and DRAC, Canada; PRIMUS 21/SCI/017 and UNCE SCI/013, Czech Republic; COST, ERC, ERDF, Horizon 2020, ICSC-Next Generation EU and Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex, Investissements d'Avenir Idex and ANR, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF and MINERVA, Israel; Norwegian Financial Mechanism 2014-2021, Norway; NCN and NAWA, Poland; La Caixa Banking Foundation, CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya and PROMETEO and GenT Programmes Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; Göran Gustafssons Stiftelse, Sweden; The Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom.

Abstract The open N = 2 string theory is defined on the 4D space-time with the split signature (+, +, −, −). The string field theory action of the open N = 2 string theory is described by the 4D Wess–Zumino–Witten (WZW$_{4}$) model. The equation of motion of the WZW$_{4}$ model is the Yang equation, which is equivalent to the anti-self-dual Yang–Mills equation. In this paper, we study soliton-type classical solutions of the WZW$_{4}$ model in the split signature by calculating the action density of the WZW$_{4}$ model. We find that the action density of the one-soliton solutions is localized on a 3D hyperplane. This shows that there would be codimension-one-solitonic objects, or equivalently some kind of three-branes in the open N = 2 string theory. We also prove that, in the asymptotic region of the space-time, the action density of the n-soliton solutions is a “non-linear superposition” of n one-solitons. This suggests the existence of n intersecting three-branes in the N = 2 strings. Finally we make a reduction to a (1 + 2)D real space-time to calculate the energy densities of the soliton solutions. We can successfully evaluate the energy distribution for the two-soliton solutions and find that there is no singularity in the interacting region. This implies the existence of smooth intersecting codimension-one branes in the whole region. Soliton solutions in the Euclidean signature are also discussed.

Masashi Hamanaka

Shan-Chi Huang

Hiroaki Kanno

Solitons in open = 2 String Theory Kahler-Chen-Simons theory A tour through N=2 strings On soliton solutions of the anti-self-dual Yang-Mills equations from the perspective of integrable systems Soliton solutions in an integrable chiral model in 2+1 dimensions On the space-time monopole equation A review on tachyon condensation in open string field theories Soliton equations as dynamical systems on infinite dimensional Grassmann manifold

In previous work, a first law of generalized entropy was derived from semiclassical gravitational dynamics around thermal setups using an assumed relation between the matter modular Hamiltonian and the gravitational stress tensor. Allowing for non-minimal coupling between curvature and any tensor matter fields, we show however, that the modular Hamiltonian of thermal states is given by the integrated bulk Noether current associated to time translation plus a spacetime boundary term. One generally cannot express this in terms of gravitational stress tensor components. Still, working with the correct expression for the modular Hamiltonian, we are able to recover a first law of generalized entropy, with added benefits over the previous result. Firstly, any Wald-Dong contributions to generalized entropy resulting from non-minimal coupling between matter and curvature are included. Secondly, in gravitational equations of motion, we allow for a non-vanishing stress tensor expectation value in the unperturbed background and state, and account for background field perturbations as part of its variation. Finally, the quantum matter is allowed to contribute nontrivially to asymptotic energy, e.g. as is necessary, even for a minimally coupled Maxwell field, to recover the expected thermodynamic first law of charged black holes.

The generalized first law for more general matter

A polarization analysis is performed for the recent observation of <math><msub><mi>Z</mi><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub></math> exotic state in the <math><msup><mi>e</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msup><mi>e</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></math> annihilation experiment with motivation for measuring its spin quantum number in the future. Starting with the unpolarized electron and positron beam, the polarization transfer to the <math><msub><mi>Z</mi><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub></math> state and its decay angular distribution patterns are investigated. Some observables are suggested for determination of the spin parity quantum numbers. An ensemble of Monte-Carlo events is used to show some moment distributions special for manifestation of the different <math><msub><mi>Z</mi><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub></math> spin scenarios.

Qi Huang

Rong-Gang Ping

Spin and polarization analysis of the <math><msub><mi>Z</mi><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub></math> state

We establish a systematic framework for studying quantum computational complexity of Gaussian states of charged systems based on Nielsen’s geometric approach. We use this framework to examine the effect of a chemical potential on the dynamics of complexity. As an example, we consider the complexity of a charged thermofield double state constructed from two free massive complex scalar fields in the presence of a chemical potential. We show that this state factorizes between positively and negatively charged modes and demonstrate that this fact can be used to relate it, for each momentum mode separately, to two uncharged thermofield double states with shifted temperatures and times. We evaluate the complexity of formation for the charged thermofield double state, both numerically and in certain analytic expansions. We further present numerical results for the time dependence of complexity. We compare various aspects of these results to those obtained in holography for charged black holes.

Netherlands

Shira Chapman

Charged complexity and the thermofield double state

We study the doubly holographic model of [1] in the situation where a black hole in two-dimensional JT gravity theory is coupled to an auxiliary bath system at arbitrary finite temperature. Depending on the initial temperature of the black hole relative to the bath temperature, the black hole can lose mass by emitting Hawking radiation, stay in equilibrium with the bath or gain mass by absorbing thermal radiation from the bath. In all of these scenarios, a unitary Page curve is obtained by applying the usual prescription for holographic entanglement entropy and identifying the quantum extremal surface for the generalized entropy, using both analytical and numeric calculations. As the application of the entanglement wedge reconstruction, we further investigate the reconstruction of the black hole interior from a subsystem containing the Hawking radiation. We examine the roles of the Hawking radiation and also the purification of the thermal bath in this reconstruction.

Zachary Fisher

Juan Hernandez

Shan-Ming Ruan

Evaporating black holes coupled to a thermal bath