We investigate the multipole structure of nucleon tensor form factors within the chiral quark-soliton model based on the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></math> expansion. Extending the previous leading-order analysis [N.-Y. Ghim et al., <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.111.074024">Phys. Rev. D 111, 074024 (2025)</a>], we include the rotational <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></math> corrections. These corrections provide the leading nonvanishing contributions to the flavor components that are absent at leading order, thereby completing the flavor decomposition of the tensor multipole form factors at the present order. We numerically evaluate the isoscalar tensor charge, the isovector anomalous tensor magnetic moment, and the isoscalar tensor quadrupole moment, obtaining <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msubsup><mi>g</mi><mi>T</mi><mrow><mi>u</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mn>0.81</mn></math>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msubsup><mi>κ</mi><mi>T</mi><mrow><mi>u</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mn>1.97</mn></math>, and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msubsup><mi>E</mi><mi>T</mi><mrow><mi>u</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></msubsup><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mn>5.98</mn></math>, respectively. The isoscalar tensor charge and quadrupole moment are mainly governed by the valence-quark contribution, whereas the isovector anomalous tensor magnetic moment receives a sizable Dirac-sea contribution. We also examine the momentum-transfer dependence of the corresponding form factors. They decrease monotonically with increasing <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mo>−</mo><mi>t</mi></math>. In particular, the isovector anomalous tensor magnetic form factor shows a pronounced falloff in the small-<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mo stretchy="false">|</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy="false">|</mo></math> region, reflecting the importance of the Dirac sea in the tensor dipole structure.

South Korea

Nam-Yong Ghim

France

Ho-Yeon Won

June-Young Kim

Hyun-Chul Kim

Multipole structure of nucleon tensor form factors

We report on a search for axion dark matter in the frequency range near 5.9 GHz, conducted using the haloscope technique. The experiment employed an 8-cell microwave resonator designed to extend the accessible frequency range by a multifold factor relative to conventional single-cell configurations, while maintaining a large detection volume. To enhance sensitivity, a flux-driven Josephson parametric amplifier operating near the quantum noise limit was utilized, together with a sideband-summing method that coherently combines mirrored spectral components generated by the Josephson parametric amplifier. Data were acquired over the frequency range 5.83–5.94 GHz. With no statistically significant excess observed, we exclude axion-photon couplings <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>g</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>γ</mi><mi>γ</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math> down to <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><mn>1.2</mn><mo>×</mo><msup><mrow><mn>10</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>14</mn></mrow></msup><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>GeV</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></mrow></math> at a 90% confidence level. The achieved sensitivity approaches the Kim-Shifman-Vainshtein-Zakharov benchmark prediction, setting the most stringent limits to date in this range.

Saebyeok Ahn

Çağlar Kutlu

Soohyung Lee

SungWoo Youn

Sergey V. Uchaikin

Sungjae Bae

Sweden

Junu Jeong

Japan

Arjan F. van Loo

Yasunobu Nakamura

Seongjeong Oh

Jihn E. Kim

Yannis K. Semertzidis

Probing Kim-Shifman-Vainshtein-Zakharov Axion Dark Matter near 5.9 GHz Using an 8-Cell Cavity Haloscope

We investigate the possible existence of triple-strangeness hidden-charm pentaquark states in the off-shell coupled-channel formalism. The open-charm meson-baryon <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>D</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>s</mi></msub><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></math>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>D</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>s</mi></msub><msubsup><mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi><mi>c</mi><mo>*</mo></msubsup></math>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>D</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>s</mi><mo>*</mo></msubsup><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></math>, and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>D</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>s</mi><mo>*</mo></msubsup><msubsup><mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi><mi>c</mi><mo>*</mo></msubsup></math> channels are considered, together with the hidden-charm <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>J</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>ψ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi></math> channel. The two-body kernel Feynman amplitudes are constructed from an effective Lagrangian based on hidden local symmetry and heavy-quark spin symmetry. The coupled Blankenbecler-Sugar equation is solved in the partial-wave helicity basis. We observe two triple-strangeness hidden-charm pentaquark states: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>c</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>c</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>4787</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>c</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>c</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>4841</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math>, both with <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msup><mi>J</mi><mi>P</mi></msup><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><msup><mn>2</mn><mo>−</mo></msup></math>. The <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>c</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>c</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>4787</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math> couples dominantly to the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>D</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>s</mi><mo>*</mo></msubsup><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>D</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>s</mi><mo>*</mo></msubsup><msubsup><mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi><mi>c</mi><mo>*</mo></msubsup></math> channels, while the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>c</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>c</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>4841</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math> couples almost exclusively to the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>D</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>s</mi><mo>*</mo></msubsup><msubsup><mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi><mi>c</mi><mo>*</mo></msubsup></math> channel. The total transition cross sections of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>D</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>s</mi><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo>*</mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup><msubsup><mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi><mi>c</mi><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo>*</mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo stretchy="false">→</mo><mi>J</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>ψ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi></math> indicate that the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>c</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>c</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>4787</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math> is clearly visible in the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>J</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>ψ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi></math> invariant mass spectrum, whereas the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>c</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>c</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>4841</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math> is obscured by cusp structures and background contributions.

Samson Clymton

Indonesia

Terry Mart

Triple-strangeness hidden-charm pentaquarks

We investigate the production mechanism for doubly charmed tetraquark mesons within a coupled-channel formalism. The two-body Feynman kernel amplitudes are constructed using effective Lagrangians that respect heavy quark symmetry, chiral symmetry, SU(3) flavor symmetry, and hidden local symmetry. The fully off-shell coupled scattering equations are solved within the Blankenbecler-Sugar reduction scheme. We find three positive-parity and one negative-parity tetraquark states with total spin <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>J</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></math>. Among them, two positive-parity states appear as bound states in the isoscalar and isovector <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>D</mi><msup><mi>D</mi><mo>*</mo></msup></math> channels, while another appears as a resonance in the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msup><mi>D</mi><mo>*</mo></msup><msup><mi>D</mi><mo>*</mo></msup></math> channel. A negative-parity resonance is also predicted in the isoscalar channel. We analyze the coupling strengths of these tetraquark states to various channels. The dependence of the results on the reduced cutoff mass <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></math> is examined. The most significant tetraquark state remains stable within the range of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>600</mn><mi>–</mi><mn>700</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mi>MeV</mi></mrow></math>.

Hee-Jin Kim

Production mechanism of doubly charmed exotic mesons <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>T</mi><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></math>

We generalize the mechanical interpretation of the forces between quark and gluon subsystems, previously studied for the nucleon, to arbitrary higher-spin particles. For spin-0 and spin-<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></math> particles, this force is characterized by the nonconserved <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mover accent="true"><mi>c</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>t</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math> form factor. However, such an interpretation has not yet been established for higher-spin particles due to the intricate structure of the nonconserved energy-momentum tensor (EMT) form factors. By performing a multipole expansion, we identify the physically meaningful combinations of the nonconserved covariant EMT form factors and provide them with a clear mechanical interpretation.

United States

Quadrupole forces between quark and gluon subsystems inside higher-spin particles

Axions, originally proposed to resolve the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><mi>C</mi><mi>P</mi></mrow></math> problem in the strong interaction, remain a leading dark matter candidate. While cavity haloscopes offer the most sensitive technique for detecting axions, searches have largely been limited to masses below <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><mn>10</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mi>μeV</mi></mrow></math>. We report a sensitive search for axion dark matter with masses around <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><mn>21</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mi>μeV</mi></mrow></math>, utilizing the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>TM</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>020</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math> mode of a cylindrical cavity equipped with an innovative tuning mechanism. Our search achieved a sensitivity of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mn>1.7</mn><mo>×</mo></math> the Kim-Shifman-Vainshtein-Zakharov benchmark over a 100-MHz range, representing a significant advance in this mass range. These results demonstrate that higher-order modes provide a viable strategy for extending haloscope searches into previously unexplored higher-mass regions.

Germany

Younggeun Kim

Jinsu Kim

Seonjeong Oh

Taehyeon Seong

Sergey Uchaikin

Axion Dark Matter Search with Sensitivity near the Kim-Shifman-Vainshtein-Zakharov Benchmark Using the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>TM</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>020</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math> Mode

We investigate the properties of the static neutron stars and strangeness-mixed stars, based on the equations of state derived from a pion mean-field approach. Using the empirical data on the pion-nucleus scattering and bulk properties of nuclear matter, we have already fixed all of the parameters in a previous work, where the nucleons and hyperons were shown to be modified in various nuclear media. In the current work, we first examine the energy and pressure inside a neutron star. We show that the central densities in various neutron stars vary within the range of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>3</mn><mi>–</mi><mn>4</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><msub><mi>ρ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></math>, where <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>ρ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></math> is the normal nuclear matter density. The mass-radius relations are obtained and discussed. As the slope parameter for neutron matter increases, the radii of the neutron stars increase with their masses fixed. We also study the strangeness-mixed stars or the hyperon stars using the same sets of parameters. As the strangeness content of strange matter increases, the binding energy per nucleon is saturated and the corresponding equation of state becomes softened. Consequently, the central densities of the strangeness-mixed stars increase. Assuming that recently observed neutron stars are the strangeness-mixed ones, we find that the central densities increase.

Uzbekistan

Ulugbek Yakhshiev

Ghil-Seok Yang

Properties of neutron stars and strangeness-mixed stars from a pion mean-field approach

We investigate the possible existence of double-strangeness hidden-charm pentaquark states, denoted as <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>P</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mrow></mover><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math>, within an off-shell coupled-channel formalism. Eleven meson–baryon channels with total strangeness <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>S</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></math> are constructed by combining charmed mesons and singly charmed baryons. The two-body scattering amplitudes are derived from an effective Lagrangian that respects heavy-quark spin symmetry, hidden local symmetry, and flavor SU(3) symmetry. The Bethe-Salpeter equation is solved using the Blankenbecler-Sugar reduction scheme, and resonances are identified as poles in the scattering amplitudes on the complex energy plane. We find five negative-parity <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>c</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>c</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub></math> states with spins <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>J</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></math>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mn>3</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></math>, and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mn>5</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></math>, all located below their relevant thresholds. Three positive-parity states are also found: two with <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>J</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></math> and one with <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>J</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></math>, lying above the thresholds with substantial widths. The coupling strengths of each resonance to relevant meson-baryon channels are extracted. The sensitivity of the results to the cutoff parameter <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>m</mi></math> is examined. These results provide theoretical predictions that may assist future experimental searches for <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>c</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>c</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub></math> states in the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>J</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>ψ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">Ξ</mi></math> channel.

Double-strangeness hidden-charm pentaquarks

We investigate the hidden-charm pentaquark states with strangeness <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>S</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></math> (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>c</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>c</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub></math>) within an off shell coupled-channel approach based on effective Lagrangians that respect heavy-quark spin symmetry, SU(3) flavor symmetry, and hidden local symmetry. All relevant meson-baryon two-body channels composed of low-lying anticharmed mesons and singly charmed baryons with <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>S</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></math>, as well as the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>J</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>ψ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mi></math> channel, are included. We find a total of 11 negative-parity states and three positive-parity states. Among the negative-parity states, the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>c</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>c</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>4338</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>c</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>c</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>4459</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math> can possibly be interpreted as <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mover accent="true"><mi>D</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">Ξ</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msup><mover accent="true"><mi>D</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mo>*</mo></msup><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">Ξ</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></math> molecular states, respectively. We identify a second state, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>c</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>c</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>4472</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math>, located close to the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>c</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>c</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>4459</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math> but with different spin and width, which may correspond to the structure observed by the Belle Collaboration. Both states are generated from the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msup><mover accent="true"><mi>D</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mo>*</mo></msup><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">Ξ</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></math> channel and can be interpreted as spin partners. Their properties are consistent with recent experimental observations, providing strong support for the molecular interpretation of the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>c</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>c</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub></math> states. We also observe a two-pole structure near the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msubsup><mover accent="true"><mi>D</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>s</mi><mo>*</mo></msubsup><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mover accent="true"><mi>D</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><msubsup><mi mathvariant="normal">Ξ</mi><mi>c</mi><mo>′</mo></msubsup></math> thresholds, and find virtual and resonance states in the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msup><mover accent="true"><mi>D</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mo>*</mo></msup><msubsup><mi mathvariant="normal">Ξ</mi><mi>c</mi><mo>′</mo></msubsup></math> channel depending on spin-parity.

Production mechanism of hidden-charm pentaquark states <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>P</mi><mrow><mi>c</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>c</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover><mi>s</mi></mrow></msub></math> with strangeness <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>S</mi><mo>=</mo><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></math>

We investigate nucleon tensor form factors in the large-<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></math> limit. In this picture, the nucleon emerges as a state of the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></math> valence quarks, which were bound by pion mean fields that were created by the presence of the valence quarks self-consistently. We find that the tensor charge (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msubsup><mi>g</mi><mi>T</mi><mrow><mi>u</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mn>0.99</mn></math>) and the anomalous tensor magnetic moment (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msubsup><mi>κ</mi><mi>T</mi><mrow><mi>u</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mn>7.61</mn></math>) are dominated by valence quarks, while the tensor quadrupole moment (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msubsup><mi>Q</mi><mi>T</mi><mrow><mi>u</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></msubsup><mo>=</mo><mo>−</mo><mn>7.02</mn></math>) shows significant sea quark effects. We examine how these quantities vary as the average size of the pion mean field is changed, showing interpolation between nonrelativistic quark and Skyrme limits. We also observe that <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msubsup><mi>g</mi><mi>T</mi><mrow><mi>u</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></msubsup></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msubsup><mi>κ</mi><mi>T</mi><mrow><mi>u</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></msubsup></math> depend weakly on the pion mass. In contrast, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msubsup><mi>Q</mi><mi>T</mi><mrow><mi>u</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></msubsup></math> exhibits strong enhancement near the chiral limit. The numerical results are in good agreement with available lattice quantum chromodynamics (QCD) data and provide predictions for unmeasured quantities.

Nucleon tensor form factors at large <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>N</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></math>