<p>The generalized second law (GSL) of black hole thermodynamics asserts the monotonic increase of the generalized entropy combining the black hole area and the entropy of quantum fields outside the horizon. Modern proofs of the GSL rely on information-theoretic methods and are typically formulated using algebras of observables defined on the event horizon together with a vacuum state invariant under horizon symmetries, inducing a geometric modular flow. In this work, we formulate a dual version of the generalized second law from the perspective of asymptotic observers at future null infinity, who do not have access to the black hole area. Our approach exploits the dependence of the second law on the choice of algebra of observables and of a reference state invariant under suitable symmetries, in close analogy with open quantum thermodynamics. Using algebraic quantum field theory and modular theory, we analyze several physically motivated vacuum states, including the Hartle-Hawking state and two classes of regularized vacua. We show that, at null infinity, the monotonic quantity governing an irreversible evolution is no longer the generalized entropy but rather a thermodynamic potential constructed from asymptotic observables. Depending on the chosen vacuum, this potential takes the form of the free energy or of a generalized grand potential built from the Bondi mass and additional (angular) mode-dependent chemical potentials. The resulting inequalities define a dual generalized second law at future null infinity, which can be consistently combined with the standard GSL involving variations of the black hole area.</p>

France

Antoine Rignon-Bret

Belgium

Matthieu Vilatte

Black hole thermodynamics at null infinity. I. Dual generalized second law

In this paper, we propose a universal diagrammatic interpretation of hidden zeros and 2-splits of tree-level amplitudes. Originally developed for Tr($\textit{ϕ}$ ) amplitudes in our previous work, this interpretation is now extended to tree-level amplitudes in Nonlinear sigma model (NLSM) and Yang-Mills (YM) theories. The interpretation is based on a certain factorization behavior of Feynman diagrams under specific kinematic constraints, which we term shuffle factorization along a specific line (SFASL). This mechanism allows us to separate Feynman diagrams along specific lines after summing over shuffle permutations. When applied to NLSM and YM amplitudes, we perform proper extensions of the SFASL used in the Tr($\textit{ϕ}$ ) case. Through the SFASL, the interpretation for the hidden zeros and 2-splits of tree amplitudes of Tr($\textit{ϕ}$ ), NLSM, and YM can be unified as: the hidden zeros are ascribed to the on-shell condition $${k}_{j}^{2}=0$$ of a massless particle, while the 2-splits are caused by separating each Feynman diagram along two lines, akin to unzipping two zippers.

China

Kang Zhou

Universal interpretation of hidden zero and 2-split of tree-level amplitudes using Feynman diagrams. Part I. Tr($\textit{ϕ}$ 3), NLSM and YM

Japan

Rin Takada

Erratum: Electromagnetic leptogenesis — an EFT-consistent analysis via Wilson coefficients. Part I. Low-scale, non-resonant regime

We study non-supersymmetric AdS × $\textit{I}$ solutions in the context of ($\textit{D}$ + 1) dimensional gravity coupled to an axio-dilaton with arbitrary runaway potential for the dilaton and arbitrary exponential coupling of the dilaton to the axion kinetic energy. We analyze the equations of motion, reformulate them in terms of a first order autonomous dynamical system, and discuss the set of fixed points, their physical interpretation and their stability conditions. We find a few special classes of analytic solutions for arbitrary $\textit{D}$, including AdS × $\textit{I}$ backgrounds in type IIB supergravity. We conclude by discussing the properties of numerical flows including the massive IIA supergravity case.

Italy

Giuseppe Dibitetto

Nicolò Petri

AdS $\textit{D}$ $\textit{ × I}$ solutions in axio-dilaton gravity

In this work, we present a systematic study of the event characteristics and underlying physics relevant to neutrino-antineutrino discrimination in atmospheric neutrino charged-current interactions in large liquid scintillator detectors. This study encompasses the primary neutrino interactions, the subsequent secondary interactions of final-state particles, and the ensuing neutron captures. We investigate in detail the properties of final-state charged leptons and hadrons, deriving distinct distributions of inelasticity and neutron-capture multiplicity for both neutrino and antineutrino interactions. These distributions are used to quantify the performance of neutrino-antineutrino discrimination. Our findings lay the groundwork for atmospheric neutrino oscillation studies in large liquid scintillator detectors, particularly for determining the neutrino mass ordering.

Xinhai He

Gao-song Li

Yu-Feng Li

Wuming Luo

Liang-jian Wen

Atmospheric neutrino charged-current interactions at large liquid- scintillator detectors: I. physics of neutrino-antineutrino discrimination * Supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12125506, 12075255), and the CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research (YSBR-099)

Motivated by the enigmatic vector charmonium-like states, we investigate the strong decay behaviors of four types of vector tetraquark states, which are possible candidates for the $Y(4660)$ , within the framework of three-point QCD sum rules based on rigorous quark-hadron duality. We take into account vacuum condensates up to dimension 5 on the QCD side and obtain the hadronic coupling constants and hence the partial decay widths of these states. The predicted total width, $61.5\pm7.3\,{\rm{MeV}}$ , is in excellent agreement with the experimental data for the $Y(4660)$ , supporting its interpretation as a $[sc][\bar{s}\bar{c}]$ tetraquark state with $J^{PC}=1^{--}$ .

Xiao-Song Yang

Zhi-Gang Wang

Analysis of the strong decays of the $\textit{Y}$ (4660) in tetraquark scenario via the QCD sum rules * Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12575083)

We compute the complete one-loop renormalization group equations (RGEs) for all the four-fermion operators at dimension-8 Standard Model Effective Field Theory (SMEFT). We adopt the on-shell framework, where the RGEs are obtained from the unitarity cuts of the bubble integrals. To construct a consistent set of RGEs without redundancy, we utilize the Young Tensor amplitude/operator basis [1] as the building blocks of the tree-level amplitudes that constitute the unitarity cuts, which incorporates the full flavor structures of the effective operators. Due to the large number of effective operators for a dimension-8 type, it is crucial to reduce the integrated cuts to the same RGE amplitude basis, which is also made possible by the algorithm in the Young Tensor method. With the Mathematica package ABC4EFT that implements the method, we obtain the full result of the dimension-8 four-fermion RGEs with the output file attached as the supplementary material.

Chao Wu

Ming-Lei Xiao

Jiang-Hao Yu

South Korea

Yu-Hui Zheng

On-shell renormalization of dim-8 SMEFT from complete amplitude basis. Part I. Four-fermion operators

<p>We study oscillon/<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow></math>-ball solutions in a real scalar version of the Friedberg-Lee-Sirlin model. Using the multiple-scale analysis, we derive the conditions for oscillon solutions and explore multifield oscillon configurations. In these configurations, the two fields form colocated oscillons that oscillate with frequencies set by their respective masses. These multifield oscillons can be viewed as a bound state of two oscillons due to attractive interactions between the fields. We confirm these analytical predictions through numerical lattice calculations. This work extends the standard picture of single-field oscillons and may be relevant for cosmological scenarios involving multiple interacting real scalar fields.</p>

Kai Murai

Tatsuya Ogawa

Fuminobu Takahashi

Multifield oscillons/<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow></math>-balls in the Friedberg-Lee-Sirlin model

The <italic>f</italic>( <italic>R, T, Y</italic>) gravity is a modified theory that involves the Ricci scalar <italic>R</italic>, the trace of the energy-momentum tensor <italic>T</italic>, and the non-minimal matter geometry coupling term <math altimg='si3.svg'><mrow><mi>Y</mi><mo linebreak='goodbreak'>=</mo><msub><mi>R</mi><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi></mrow></msub><msup><mi>T</mi><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi></mrow></msup></mrow></math>. In this article, we are eager to explore the imprints of <italic>f</italic>( <italic>R, T, Y</italic>) cosmology on the early universe through the observational constraints of Big Bang nucleosynthesis. To analyze the early universe scenario, we investigate the deviation of freeze-out temperature through the ratio <math altimg='si1.svg'><mrow><mrow><mo>|</mo><mstyle mathvariant='normal'><mi>&#916;</mi></mstyle></mrow><msub><mi mathvariant='script'>T</mi><mi>f</mi></msub><mo linebreak='goodbreak'>/</mo><msub><mi mathvariant='script'>T</mi><mi>f</mi></msub><mrow><mo>|</mo></mrow></mrow></math> that has observation limits <math altimg='si4.svg'><mrow><mrow><mo>|</mo><mstyle mathvariant='normal'><mi>&#916;</mi></mstyle></mrow><msub><mi mathvariant='script'>T</mi><mi>f</mi></msub><mo linebreak='goodbreak'>/</mo><msub><mi mathvariant='script'>T</mi><mi>f</mi></msub><mrow><mo>|</mo><mo>&#8804;</mo><mn>4.7</mn><mo linebreak='badbreak'>&#215;</mo></mrow><msup><mn>10</mn><mrow><mo>&#8722;</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math> and the primordial helium mass fraction <italic>Y<inf>p</inf></italic> of the light nuclear species having observational limits <math altimg='si5.svg'><mrow><msub><mi>Y</mi><mi>p</mi></msub><mo linebreak='goodbreak'>=</mo><mn>0.245</mn><mo>&#177;</mo><mn>0.003</mn></mrow></math>. For instance, we consider two models <math altimg='si6.svg'><mrow><mi>f</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>R</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>T</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>Y</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>R</mi><mo linebreak='goodbreak'>+</mo><mi>&#945;</mi><mi>Y</mi></mrow></math> and <math altimg='si7.svg'><mrow><mi>f</mi><mo>(</mo><mi>R</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>T</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>Y</mi><mo>)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>R</mi><mo linebreak='goodbreak'>+</mo><mi>&#945;</mi><mi>Y</mi><mo linebreak='goodbreak'>+</mo><mi>&#947;</mi><mi>T</mi></mrow></math> to evaluate the viability of observational limits. We analyzed these models for the radiation-dominated era ( <math altimg='si8.svg'><mrow><mi>&#961;</mi><mo linebreak='goodbreak'>=</mo><mn>3</mn><mi>p</mi></mrow></math>) in the early universe. Our findings indicate that <italic>f</italic>( <italic>R, T, Y</italic>) gravity can agree with recent observational bounds on big bang nucleosynthesis via deviations in freeze-out temperature and primordial helium abundances, leading to a viable cosmology in the early cosmic epoch.

Pakistan

Abdul Malik Sultan

Saudi Arabia

Ibrahim Aldayel

Kainat Naseer

Manahil Ali

Meraj Ali Khan

Azerbaijan

Abdul Jawad

Observational signatures of <italic>f</italic>( <italic>R, T, Y</italic>) gravity on early universe evolution

Null strings, strings with Carrollian worldsheets, are traditionally described by the Isberg-Lindström-Sundborg-Theodoridis (ILST) action, which is obtained via a tensionless limit of standard tensile strings. In a recent work [1], we observed that the ILST action enjoys an overlooked partial-gauge symmetry whose existence calls into question the consistency of standard null-string analyses found in the literature. In this paper, we show that the Carrollian geometry provides us with two Weyl scaling options, in contrast to a single Weyl scaling available for the ordinary tensile string worldsheet. Defining the null string theory by the action that realizes the two Carroll-Weyl scalings as well as the 2D diffeomorphisms as local (gauge) symmetries, we construct the new null string action. We show that the ILST action is obtained after fixing one of the two Carroll-Weyl scalings of the action that we construct, and that the residual part of this symmetry is precisely the overlooked partial-gauge symmetry discussed in [1]. We hence clarify the Carroll-geometric origin of the overlooked symmetry and pave the way for a consistent quantization of null strings.

Iran

M.M. Sheikh-Jabbari

H. Yavartanoo

Null strings gauged and reloaded, I: Null strings have Carroll-Weyl gauge symmetry