We study classical background electric fields and the Schwinger effect in de Sitter space. We show that a constant electric field in de Sitter requires the photon to have a tachyonic mass proportional to the Hubble scale. This has physical implications for the induced Schwinger current that affect its IR behaviour. To study this, we recompute the Schwinger current in de Sitter space for charged fermions and minimally coupled scalars, imposing a physically consistent renormalization condition. We find a $\textit{finite and positive}$ Schwinger current even in the massless limit. This is in contrast to previous calculations in the literature, which found a negative IR divergence. We also obtain the first result for the Schwinger current of a non-minimally coupled scalar, including the conformally coupled case, which we find exhibits behaviour very similar to that of the fermion current. Our results may have physical implications for both magnetogenesis and inflationary dark matter production.

Spain

Mar Bastero-Gil

Portugal

Paulo B. Ferraz

António Torres Manso

Slovenia

Italy

Lorenzo Ubaldi

Roberto Vega-Morales

Schwinger current in de Sitter space * This work has been partially supported by Junta de Andalucía Projects P21-00199 and A-FQM-472-UGR20 (FEDER funds); SRA (10.13039/501100011033) and ERDF (PID2022-139466NB-C21) (R.V.M.); PID2022-140831NB-I00, funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and FEDER, UE (M.B.G., A.T.M.); by FCT CERN (10.54499/2024.00252.CERN) (M.B.G., A.T.M., P.F.); FCT Grant No. SFRH/BD/151475/2021 and 10.54499/SFRH/BD/151475/2021 (P.F.). LU is supported by the Slovenian Research Agency under research core funding No. P1-0035 and by research grants J1-60026 and J1-4389. This article is based upon work from COST Action COSMIC WISPers CA21106, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). R.V.M. thanks the Mainz Institute for Theoretical Physics (MITP) of the Cluster of Excellence PRISMA$^{+}$ (Project ID 390831469) for its hospitality and partial support during the completion of this work

The weak decays of charmonium states such as $ J/\psi $ and $ \psi(2S) $ are instrumental in probing both nonperturbative QCD dynamics and the flavor structure of the Standard Model (SM). The extreme rarity of charmonium weak decays renders them highly sensitive to physics beyond the SM, particularly in channels that are heavily suppressed in the SM, such as flavor-changing neutral-current (FCNC) decays. This review highlights the critical role of the BESIII experiment, which leverages an unprecedented data sample of over $ 10^{10} $ $ J/\psi $ and $ 2.7\times10^{9} $ $ \psi(2S) $ events to achieve leading sensitivity in searches for charmonium weak decays. We present the latest and most stringent upper limits established by BESIII on various semileptonic, nonleptonic, and FCNC charmonium weak decay channels.

China

Xu-Ze Li

Kai-Xin Fan

Zheng-Yun You

Yu Zhang

Minggang Zhao

Mini-review of charmonium weak decays at BESIII * Supported in part by the National Key R&D Program of China (2023YFA1606000); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (12035009, 12175321, U1932101), and the National College Students' Science and Technology Innovation Project of Sun Yat-sen University

We investigate the direct $\rm CP $ violation in the decay $ D^\pm \to \pi^\pm \pi^+ \pi^- $ incorporating the $ a_0^0(980) $ - $ f_0(980) $ mixing mechanism. The integrated mixing intensities $ \overline \xi_{fa} $ and $ \overline \xi_{af} $ are calculated using meson masses and coupling constants extracted from various theoretical models and experimental data, yielding values of appreciable magnitude. We find that when the invariant mass of the $ \pi^+\pi^- $ pair lies near the $ f_0(980) $ resonance, this isospin-breaking mechanism can enhance the $\rm CP $ asymmetry. The enhancement is particularly pronounced when the $ f_0(980) $ carries a significant $ n\bar{n} $ quark component and the $ f_0(980) $ and $ \sigma(600) $ mixing angle is approximately $ 26^\circ $ . After accounting for non-factorizable effects, we find these corrections tend to partially cancel the leading-order contributions, resulting in a suppression of the $\rm CP $ violations relative to the naive factorization predictions. It is emphasized that the $ a_0^0(980) $ - $ f_0(980) $ mixing mechanism should be taken into account in both theoretical and experimental studies of $\rm CP $ violation in $\textit{B}$ or $\textit{D}$ meson decays.

Shi-Ji Cao

Jing-Juan Qi

Yi-Fan Zhao

Chao Wang

Zhen-Yang Wang

Xin-Heng Guo

Direct CP violation in ${ {\boldsymbol D}^{\bf\pm }\to {\boldsymbol\pi}^{\bf\pm} {\boldsymbol\pi}^{\bf +} {\boldsymbol\pi}^{\bf -}} $ with ${{\boldsymbol a}_{\bf 0}^{\bf 0}{\bf (980)-}{\boldsymbol f}_{\bf 0}{\bf (980)}} $ mixing * Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12405115, 12105149, 11805153, 12275024), and the High-Level Scientific Research Fund of Ningbo University (GJPY2026032)

We constructed a four-Higgs-doublet model (4HDM) invariant under $\textit{D}$ $_{5}$ symmetry and investigated its complete neutral vacuum structure in detail. Assuming explicit CP conservation in the scalar potential, we examined whether CP symmetry can be spontaneously broken. We provided a complete list of all possible real and complex vacua, along with the constraints on the potential parameters required for each vacuum solution to exist. We also discussed the positive-definiteness conditions that the Hessian must satisfy for each vacuum to be a local minimum of the potential. The results show that, after spontaneous symmetry breaking, some complex vacua lead to spontaneous CP violation in the potential, whereas the remaining complex vacua still preserve CP conservation. Among these CP-violating complex vacua, one can be regarded as the most general form. Furthermore, we discussed the relationship between real and complex vacua.

Dong-Ping Fu

Michihisa Takeuchi

Spontaneous CP violation in the $\textit{D}$ $_{5}$-symmetric four-Higgs-doublet models * Supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, the One Hundred Talent Program of Sun Yat-sen University, China, and the Guangdong Natural Science Foundation (2026A1515012641)

In the present work, the strong decays of the discovered $ P_c(4380) $ , $ P_c(4440) $ , $ P_c(4457) $ and their possible isospin cousins are systematically studied via the assignment that they are meson-baryon molecular states. In detail, the strong decay constants and partial decay widths of their decay channels are calculated under the framework of QCD sum rules. The decay widths of the discovered $ P_c(4380) $ , $ P_c(4440) $ , and $ P_c(4457) $ are in good agreement with the experiments. The predictions of the decays of these three related possible isospin cousins are presented, which would shed light on their findings in experiments. In return, this may testify to the assignments of the discovered $ P_c $ states.

Xiu-Wu Wang

Xin Li

Zhi-Gang Wang

Systematic study of the strong decays of the $\textit{P}$ $\textit{c}$ states and their possible isospin cousins via the QCD sum rules * Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12575083) and the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (A2024502002)

In this work, we investigate three representative new-physics resonances that couple to Standard Model (SM) quarks through flavor-changing interactions involving the top quark. We identify the possible SMEFT operators at the electroweak scale and analyze their phenomenology.

Min Huang

Yandong Liu

Hao Zhang

Exploring new resonances with direct top flavor changing interactions * Min Huang and Hao Zhang is supported in part by the National Science Foundation of China (12575114, 12235001, 12075257)

The exploration of symmetry laws stands as a cutting-edge direction in modern physics research. This study delves into the examination of $\textit{P}$ and $\rm CP$ symmetry properties within the charm quark system by analyzing asymmetry parameters in the two-body decay process of $ \Omega_c $ . By accounting for the polarization effects of electron and positron beams and employing the helicity formalism, we systematically analyze the decay characteristics of $ \Omega_c $ and its subsequent hyperon decays through specific asymmetry parameters. A comprehensive formulation of the angular distribution for these decay processes has been developed. The research assesses the detection sensitivity of asymmetry parameters in the $ \Omega_c\rightarrow \Omega^-\pi^+ $ decay mode across different experimental conditions, including varying data sample sizes and beam polarization configurations. These results contribute to enriching a theoretical foundation for forthcoming experimental endeavors at the STCF, offering significant implications for symmetry studies in the charm sector.

Yunlu Wang

Yunlong Xiao

Pengcheng Hong

Phenomenological study of Ω $\textit{c}$ → Ω$^{−}$ $\textit{π}$ $^{+}$ at polarized electron-positron collider

Hadron-hadron interactions, being nonperturbative in nature, play a significant role in addressing phenomenological questions in particle physics. Femtoscopy is a powerful tool in heavy-ion collision experiments, enabling the extraction of hadron-hadron interactions via momentum-correlation functions (CFs). These CFs are typically expressed as a convolution of source functions and hadron-hadron wave functions, with the latter encoding information about the interactions. However, source functions remain poorly constrained and are commonly approximated by a Gaussian form. Reconstructing source functions from experimental correlation data constitutes an 'inverse problem.' To address this, we propose a toy model based on Tikhonov regularization. Using a square-well potential with four distinct strengths, we calculate the CFs for inputs of single Gaussian source functions and mixed Gaussian source functions. The resulting CFs are then used to reconstruct the source functions via Tikhonov regularization. Our results show that the Gaussian source function can be successfully reconstructed, highlighting the potential of this approach for extracting realistic source functions from hadron pairs of interest.

Ao-Sheng Xiong

Qi-Wei Yuan

Ming-Zhu Liu

Fu-Sheng Yu

Zhi-Wei Liu

Li-Sheng Geng

Solving the inverse source problem in femtoscopy with a toy model * Supported in part by the Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Disciplines Breakthrough Plan of the Ministry of Education of China (JYB2025XDXM204) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (W2543006, 12435007). Ming-Zhu Liu acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12575086). Zhi-Wei Liu acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12405133) and from the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (ZDSYS20230626091501002). Fu-Sheng Yu and Ao-Sheng Xiong acknowledge support from the Scientific Research Innovation Capability Support Project for Young Faculty (ZYGXQNJSKYCXNLZCXM-P2) and from the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (lzujbky-2023-stlt01, lzujbky-2024-oy02, lzujbky-2025-eyt01)

In our earlier work [A. C. Wang et al., <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.98.045209">Phys. Rev. C 98, 045209 (2018)</a>], we analyzed the differential cross-section data from the CLAS Collaboration for the reactions <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mi>γ</mi><mi>p</mi><mo>→</mo><msup><mi>K</mi><mrow><mo>*</mo><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">Σ</mi><mn>0</mn></msup></mrow></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mi>γ</mi><mi>p</mi><mo>→</mo><msup><mi>K</mi><mrow><mo>*</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></msup><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">Σ</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></mrow></math> using an effective Lagrangian approach. We found that a satisfactory description of the data required the inclusion of the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>s</mi></math>-channel <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1905</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mn>5</mn><mo>/</mo><msup><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></msup></mrow></math> resonance, in addition to <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>t</mi></math>-channel exchanges of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>K</mi><mo>,</mo><mo> </mo><mi>κ</mi></math>, and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi>K</mi><mo>*</mo></msup><mo>,</mo><mo> </mo><mi>s</mi></math>-channel contributions from nucleon (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>N</mi></math>) and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mo>,</mo><mo> </mo><mi>u</mi></math>-channel exchanges of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mi><mo>,</mo><mo> </mo><mi mathvariant="normal">Σ</mi></math>, and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">Σ</mi><mo>*</mo></msup></math>, and a generalized contact term. In the present work, we extend our analysis to incorporate the data on spin density matrix elements from the LEPS Collaboration for the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mi>γ</mi><mi>p</mi><mo>→</mo><msup><mi>K</mi><mrow><mo>*</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></msup><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">Σ</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></mrow></math> reaction at photon energies <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>γ</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>1.85</mn><mo>–</mo><mn>2.96</mn><mspace width="0.28em"></mspace><mi>GeV</mi></mrow></math>. Our goal is to impose more stringent constraints on the theoretical model and obtain a more reliable understanding of the reaction mechanisms. We obtain two fits that describe the experimental data equally well. In both fits, the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>1905</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mn>5</mn><mo>/</mo><msup><mn>2</mn><mo>+</mo></msup></mrow></math> resonance plays an important role. However, the contribution from <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>t</mi></math>-channel <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>κ</mi></math> exchange is significant in one fit but negligible in the other. This finding contradicts earlier claims in the literature that the LEPS parity spin asymmetry <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>σ</mi></msub></math> data support a dominant role of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>κ</mi></math> exchange in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mi>γ</mi><mi>p</mi><mo>→</mo><msup><mi>K</mi><mrow><mo>*</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></msup><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">Σ</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></mrow></math>. We also present predictions for <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>P</mi><mi>σ</mi></msub></math> at <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mi>γ</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>8.5</mn></mrow></math> GeV, which may help clarify whether <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>κ</mi></math> exchange is indeed dominant in this reaction.

Ai-Chao Wang

Neng-Chang Wei

Fei Huang

Combined analysis of the data on cross sections and spin density matrix elements for <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><msup><mi>K</mi><mo>*</mo></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">Σ</mi></mrow></math> photoproduction reactions

We propose a novel, machine-learning-based framework for constructing lattice fermions using physics-informed neural networks (PINNs). Our approach treats the formulation of the Dirac operator as an optimization problem guided by physical requirements, such as symmetries, locality and doubler-decoupling conditions. We first demonstrate that, when trained to satisfy the Ginsparg-Wilson (GW) relation as a soft constraint, a neural network reproduces the overlap fermion operator to high numerical accuracy and learns an effective sign-function mapping without explicitly using a prescribed polynomial or rational approximation. Second, we extend the framework from operator construction to machine-assisted algebraic discovery. Within a generalized polynomial ansatz, the network autonomously drives higher-order terms to zero and recovers the standard Ginsparg-Wilson relation. Remarkably, by changing the initial search bias, the same framework also finds a distinct solution corresponding to a Fujikawa-type generalized GW relation.

Japan

Tatsuhiro Misumi

Lattice fermion formulation via physics-informed neural networks: Ginsparg-Wilson relation and overlap fermions