We investigate the soft behavior of the tree-level Rutherford scattering processes mediated via $\textit{t}$-channel one-graviton exchange. We consider two types of Rutherford scattering processes: a low-energy massless structureless projectile (up to spin-1) hits a static massive composite particle carrying various spins (up to spin-2), and slowly moving light projectile hits a heavy static composite target. The unpolarized cross sections in the first type exhibit universal forms at the first two orders in $ 1/M $ expansion, yet differ at the next-to-next-to-leading order, though some terms at this order still remain universal or depend on the target spin in a definite manner. The unpolarized cross sections in the second type are universal at the lowest order in projectile velocity expansion and through all orders in $ 1/M $ , independent on the spins of both projectile and target. The universality partially breaks down at relative order- $ v^2/M^2 $ , albeit some terms at this order still depend on the target spin in a specific manner.

China

Yu Jia

Jichen Pan

United States

Jia-Yue Zhang

Soft pattern of gravitational Rutherford scattering from heavy target mass expansion * This work is supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11925506, 12475090). J.-Y. Z. is supported in part by the US Department of Energy (DE-AC05-06OR23177), under which Jefferson Science Associates, LLC operates Jefferson Lab.

In physics geometrical connections are the mean to create models with local symmetries (gauge connections), as well as general diffeomorphisms invariance (affine connections). Here we study the irreducible tensor decomposition of connections on the tangent bundle of an affine manifold as used in the polynomial affine model of gravity (Castillo-Felisola et al. in Universe 11(3):102, 2025. ). This connection is the most general linear connection, which allows us to build metric independent, diffeomorphism invariant models. This set up includes parts of the connection that are associated with conformal and projective transformations.

Chile

Oscar Castillo-Felisola

Bastian Grez

Uruguay

Aureliano Skirzewski

Jefferson Vaca-Santana

Decomposition of the connection in affine models of gravity

The ratio of the nucleon <math><msub><mi>F</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math> structure functions, <math><msubsup><mi>F</mi><mn>2</mn><mi>n</mi></msubsup><mo>/</mo><msubsup><mi>F</mi><mn>2</mn><mi>p</mi></msubsup></math>, is determined by the MARATHON experiment from measurements of deep inelastic scattering of electrons from <math><mrow><mmultiscripts><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow><mprescripts></mprescripts><none></none><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></mmultiscripts></mrow></math> and <math><mrow><mmultiscripts><mrow><mi>H</mi><mtext>e</mtext></mrow><mprescripts></mprescripts><none></none><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></mmultiscripts></mrow></math> nuclei. The experiment was performed in the Hall A Facility of Jefferson Lab using two high-resolution spectrometers for electron detection, and a cryogenic target system which included a low-activity tritium cell. The data analysis used a novel technique exploiting the mirror symmetry of the two nuclei, which essentially eliminates many theoretical uncertainties in the extraction of the ratio. The results, which cover the Bjorken scaling variable range <math><mn>0.19</mn><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>0.83</mn></math>, represent a significant improvement compared to previous SLAC and Jefferson Lab measurements for the ratio. They are compared to recent theoretical calculations and empirical determinations of the <math><msubsup><mi>F</mi><mn>2</mn><mi>n</mi></msubsup><mo>/</mo><msubsup><mi>F</mi><mn>2</mn><mi>p</mi></msubsup></math> ratio.

D. Abrams

H. Albataineh

B. S. Aljawrneh

Saudi Arabia

S. Alsalmi

Croatia

D. Androic

K. Aniol

W. Armstrong

J. Arrington

H. Atac

T. Averett

C. Ayerbe Gayoso

X. Bai

J. Bane

S. Barcus

A. Beck

Italy

V. Bellini

H. Bhatt

D. Bhetuwal

D. Biswas

D. Blyth

W. Boeglin

D. Bulumulla

J. Butler

A. Camsonne

M. Carmignotto

J. Castellanos

J.P. Chen

Israel

E. O. Cohen

S. Covrig

K. Craycraft

R. Cruz-Torres

B. Dongwi

B. Duran

D. Dutta

E. Fuchey

C. Gal

T. N. Gautam

S. Gilad

K. Gnanvo

Japan

T. Gogami

J. Gomez

C. Gu

A. Habarakada

T. Hague

J.O. Hansen

M. Hattawy

F. Hauenstein

D. W. Higinbotham

R. J. Holt

E. W. Hughes

C. Hyde

Egypt

H. Ibrahim

S. Jian

S. Joosten

A. Karki

B. Karki

A. T. Katramatou

C. Keith

C. Keppel

M. Khachatryan

V. Khachatryan

A. Khanal

A. Kievsky

D. King

P. M. King

I. Korover

Russia

S. A. Kulagin

K. S. Kumar

T. Kutz

N. Lashley-Colthirst

S. Li

Canada

W. Li

H. Liu

S. Liuti

N. Liyanage

P. Markowitz

R. E. McClellan

D. Meekins

S. Mey-Tal Beck

Z.E. Meziani

R. Michaels

Slovenia

Germany

M. Mihovilovic

V. Nelyubin

D. Nguyen

 Nuruzzaman

M. Nycz

R. Obrecht

M. Olson

V. F. Owen

E. Pace

B. Pandey

V. Pandey

M. Paolone

A. Papadopoulou

S. Park

S. Paul

G. G. Petratos

R. Petti

E. Piasetzky

Ukraine

R. Pomatsalyuk

Measurement of the Nucleon <math><msubsup><mi>F</mi><mn>2</mn><mi>n</mi></msubsup><mo>/</mo><msubsup><mi>F</mi><mn>2</mn><mi>p</mi></msubsup></math> Structure Function Ratio by the Jefferson Lab MARATHON Tritium/Helium-3 Deep Inelastic Scattering Experiment

The E12-14-012 experiment performed at Jefferson Lab Hall A has collected inclusive electron-scattering data for different targets at the kinematics corresponding to beam energy 2.222 GeV and scattering angle <math><mrow><mn>15</mn><mo>.</mo><msup><mn>54</mn><mo>∘</mo></msup></mrow></math>. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of the collected data and compare the double-differential cross sections for inclusive scattering of electrons, extracted using solid targets (aluminum, carbon, and titanium) and a closed argon-gas cell. The data extend over broad range of energy transfer, where quasielastic interaction, <math><mi>Δ</mi></math>-resonance excitation, and inelastic scattering yield contributions to the cross section. The double-differential cross sections are reported with high precision (<math><mrow><mo>∼</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></math>%) for all targets over the covered kinematic range.

M. Murphy

H. Dai

L. Gu

A.M. Ankowski

B. Aljawrneh

O. Benhar

J. Bericic

M.E. Christy

D. Day

S.C. Dusa

T. Gautam

C. Giusti

D.W. Higinbotham

C.M. Jen

R. Lindgren

C. Mariani

R.E. McClellan

L. Ou

K. Park

G. Perera

A.J.R. Puckett

S.N. Santiesteban

S. Širca

T. Su

L. Tang

Y. Tian

N. Ton

B. Wojtsekhowski

S. Wood

Z. Ye

J. Zhang

Measurement of the cross sections for inclusive electron scattering in the E12-14-012 experiment at Jefferson Lab

This paper reports the measurement of polarized and unpolarized cross sections for the <math><mrow><mi>e</mi><mi>p</mi><mo>→</mo><msup><mi>e</mi><mo>′</mo></msup><msup><mi>p</mi><mo>′</mo></msup><mi>γ</mi></mrow></math> reaction, which is composed of deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) and Bethe-Heitler (BH) processes, at an electron beam energy of 5.88 GeV at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility using the Large Acceptance Spectrometer CLAS. The unpolarized cross sections and polarized cross section differences have been measured over broad kinematics, <math><mrow><mn>0.10</mn><mo>&lt;</mo><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>B</mi></msub><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>0.58</mn></mrow><mo>,</mo><mo> </mo><mrow><mn>1.0</mn><mo>&lt;</mo><msup><mi>Q</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>4.8</mn><mspace width="4.pt"></mspace><msup><mtext>GeV</mtext><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></math>, and <math><mrow><mn>0.09</mn><mo>&lt;</mo><mo>−</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>2.00</mn><mspace width="4.pt"></mspace><msup><mtext>GeV</mtext><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></math>. The results are found to be consistent with previous CLAS data, and these new data are discussed in the framework of the generalized parton distribution approach. Calculations with two widely used phenomenological models are approximately compatible with the experimental results over a large portion of the kinematic range of the data.

France

N. Hirlinger Saylor

B. Guegan

V.D. Burkert

L. Elouadrhiri

M. Garçon

F.X. Girod

M. Guidal

South Korea

H.S. Jo

V. Kubarovsky

S. Niccolai

P. Stoler

K.P. Adhikari

S. Adhikari

Z. Akbar

M.J. Amaryan

S. Anefalos Pereira

J. Ball

I. Balossino

N.A. Baltzell

L. Barion

M. Battaglieri

V. Batourine

I. Bedlinskiy

A.S. Biselli

S. Boiarinov

W.J. Briscoe

W.K. Brooks

S. Bültmann

F. Cao

D.S. Carman

A. Celentano

G. Charles

T. Chetry

G. Ciullo

Brandon A. Clary

P.L. Cole

M. Contalbrigo

Measurement of unpolarized and polarized cross sections for deeply virtual Compton scattering on the proton at Jefferson Laboratory with CLAS