To resolve ambiguities from multiple solutions in experimental measurements, we construct a <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msup><mi>χ</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></math> function incorporating constraints such as isospin conservation and amplitude relations. By minimizing the global <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msup><mi>χ</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></math>, we identify physical solutions for seven hidden-charm decay channels of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>Y</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>4230</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math>. Crucially, the physical solution for <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>Y</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>4230</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">→</mo><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>−</mo></msup><mi>J</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>ψ</mi></math> corresponds to the largest among four experimental solutions, potentially modifying inputs for theoretical calculations. Additionally, we predict <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi><mrow><mi>e</mi><mi>e</mi></mrow></msub><mi mathvariant="script">B</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>Y</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>4230</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">→</mo><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><msup><mi>π</mi><mo>−</mo></msup><msup><mi>ψ</mi><mo>′</mo></msup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math> based on our results, acknowledging substantial uncertainties in current measurements.

China

Jie Yuan

Yadi Wang

Kai Zhu

Pinpointing physical solutions in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>Y</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>4230</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math> decays

High-precision regression of physical parameters from black hole images generated by General Relativistic Ray Tracing (GRRT) is essential for investigating spacetime curvature and advancing black hole astrophysics. However, owing to limitations in observational resolution, high observational costs, and imbalanced distributions of positive and negative samples, black hole images often suffer from data scarcity, sparse parameter spaces, and complex structural characteristics. These factors pose significant challenges to conventional regression methods based on simplified physical models. To overcome these challenges, this study introduces the Multiscale Adaptive Network (MANet), a novel regression framework grounded in deep learning. MANet integrates an Adaptive Channel Attention (ACA) module to selectively enhance features in physically informative regions. Meanwhile, a Multiscale Enhancement Feature Pyramid (MEFP) is employed to capture fine-grained spatial structures, such as photon rings and accretion disks, while alleviating information loss due to downsampling. Experimental evaluations on GRRT-simulated datasets demonstrate that MANet substantially improves parameter estimation accuracy and generalization capability in high-dimensional parameter spaces, outperforming existing baseline approaches. This framework presents a promising avenue for high-precision parameter regression in Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) data analysis and broader astrophysical imaging applications characterized by sparse and noisy data.

Jialei Wei

Ao Liu

Dejiang Li

Cuihong Wen

Physical parameter regression from black hole images using a multiscale adaptive neural network * Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province under grant No. 2023JJ30384; the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants No. 12374408; the University Students' Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program Project

Based on a sample of $2.7\times10^{9}$ $\psi(3686)$ events collected by the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII collider, the decay $\psi(3686)\to\gamma\chi_{cJ}, \chi_{cJ}\to\eta\eta\eta^{\prime}$ is analyzed. The decay modes $\chi_{c1}$ and $\chi_{c2}\to\eta\eta\eta^{\prime}$ are observed for the first time, and their corresponding branching fractions are determined to be ${\cal{B}}(\chi_{c1}\to\eta\eta\eta^{\prime}) = $ $ (1.40\, \pm 0.13\, (\text{stat.}) \pm 0.09\, (\text{sys.})) \times 10^{-4}$ and ${\cal{B}}(\chi_{c2}\to\eta\eta\eta^{\prime}) = (4.18\, \pm 0.84\, (\text{stat.}) \pm 0.48\, (\text{sys.})) \times 10^{-5}$ . An upper limit on the branching fraction of $\chi_{c0}\to\eta\eta\eta^{\prime}$ is set as $2.59 \times 10^{-5}$ at a 90% confidence level (CL). A partial wave analysis (PWA) of the decay $\chi_{c1}\to\eta\eta\eta^{\prime}$ is performed to search for the $1^{-+}$ exotic state $\eta_1(1855)$ . The PWA result indicates that the structure in the $\eta\eta^{\prime}$ mass spectrum is attributed to $f_0(1500)$ , while in the $\eta\eta$ mass spectrum, it is attributed to the $0^{++}$ phase space. The upper limit of ${\cal{B}}(\chi_{c1}\to\eta_{1}(1855)\eta) \cdot {\cal{B}}(\eta_{1}(1855)\to\eta\eta^{\prime}) \lt $ $ 9.79 \times 10^{-5}$ is set based on the PWA at 90% CL.

M. Ablikim

Russia

M.N. Achasov

Sweden

P. Adlarson

X.C. Ai

Germany

R. Aliberti

Italy

A. Amoroso

Q. An

Y. Bai

O. Bakina

Y. Ban

H.R. Bao

Poland

V. Batozskaya

Mongolia

K. Begzsuren

N. Berger

M. Berlowski

M. Bertani

D. Bettoni

F. Bianchi

E. Bianco

A. Bortone

I. Boyko

United States

R.A. Briere

A. Brueggemann

H. Cai

M.H. Cai

X. Cai

A. Calcaterra

G.F. Cao

N. Cao

Türkiye

S.A. Cetin

X.Y. Chai

J.F. Chang

G.R. Che

Y.Z. Che

C.H. Chen

Chao Chen

G. Chen

H.S. Chen

H.Y. Chen

M.L. Chen

S.J. Chen

S.L. Chen

S.M. Chen

T. Chen

X.R. Chen

X.T. Chen

X.Y. Chen

Y.B. Chen

Y.Q. Chen

Z. Chen

Z.J. Chen

Z.K. Chen

S.K. Choi

X. Chu

G. Cibinetto

F. Cossio

United Kingdom

J. Cottee-Meldrum

J.J. Cui

H.L. Dai

J.P. Dai

A. Dbeyssi

R.E. de Boer

D. Dedovich

C.Q. Deng

Z.Y. Deng

A. Denig

I. Denysenko

M. Destefanis

F. De Mori

B. Ding

X.X. Ding

Y. Ding

Y.X. Ding

J. Dong

L.Y. Dong

M.Y. Dong

X. Dong

M.C. Du

S.X. Du

Y.Y. Duan

P. Egorov

G.F. Fan

J.J. Fan

Y.H. Fan

J. Fang

S.S. Fang

W.X. Fang

Y.Q. Fang

R. Farinelli

L. Fava

F. Feldbauer

G. Felici

C.Q. Feng

J.H. Feng

L. Feng

Q.X. Feng

Search for $\textit{η}$ $_{1}$(1855) in $\textit{χ}$ $\textit{cJ}$ → $\textit{ηηη}$′ decays * Supported in part by National Key R&D Program of China (2023YFA1606000, 2023YFA1606704); National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (11635010, 11935015, 11935016, 11935018, 12025502, 12035009, 12035013, 12061131003, 12192260, 12192261, 12192262, 12192263, 12192264, 12192265, 12221005, 12225509, 12235017, 12361141819); the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Large-Scale Scientific Facility Program; CAS (YSBR-101); 100 Talents Program of CAS; The Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (INPAC) and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology; Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo de Chile (ANID), Chile (ANID PIA/APOYO AFB230003); German Research Foundation DFG (FOR5327); Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Italy; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (2021.0174, 2021.0299); Ministry of Development of Turkey (DPT2006K-120470); National Research Foundation of Korea ( NRF-2022R1A2C1092335); National Science and Technology fund of Mongolia; National Science Research and Innovation Fund (NSRF) via the Program Management Unit for Human Resources Institutional Development, Research and Innovation of Thailand ( B50G670107); Polish National Science Centre (2024/53/B/ST2/00975); Swedish Research Council (2019.04595); U. S. Department of Energy (DE-FG02-05ER41374)

In this manuscript, we examine geometrical and physical properties of wormhole ( $$\mathcal{W}\mathcal{H}$$ ) solutions with monopole charge by considering three distinct shape function models in power-law gravity, i.e., Starobinsky $\textit{f}$($\textit{R}$) gravity, where $\textit{R}$ is Ricci scalr. The modified gravitational field equations are solved under the assumption of anisotropic energy–momentum tensor ( $$\mathcal {EMT}$$ ), with particular attention given to the role of exotic matter ( $$\mathcal{E}\mathcal{M}$$ ) in sustaining these solutions. The impact of the global monopole charge ( $$\mathcal {GMC}$$ ) is examined in detail, revealing that higher monopole charges enlarge the throat radius and produce flatter embedding surfaces through two and three dimensional embedding diagrams, thereby affecting both traversability and structural stability. A comprehensive investigation of physical quantities, energy conditions and stability analysis is carried out using several physical and geometrical criteria, including the adiabatic index approach, Herrera’s cracking criterion, and causality conditions approach, along with anisotropic effects. Moreover, the total amount of $$\mathcal{E}\mathcal{M}$$ is quantified through the volume integral quantifier method. These findings highlight supportive directions for future explorations of exotic spacetime structures in both theoretical and astrophysical contexts.

Azerbaijan

Pakistan

M. Yousaf

H. Asad

Kashif Yasir

Oman

S. Maurya

Saudi Arabia

Akram Ali

Uzbekistan

Farruh Atamurotov

Global monopole induced wormholes in power-law gravity: stability and physical viability

We present the first lattice QCD calculations of the isovector helicity transverse momentum-dependent parton distribution function (TMDPDF) and the flavor-dependent unpolarized TMDPDFs for up and down quarks in the proton. Our computations utilize domain-wall fermion discretization with physical quark masses. Employing Coulomb-gauge-fixed quark correlation functions within the large-momentum effective theory framework, we access nonperturbative transverse quark separations <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>b</mi><mi>T</mi></msub></math> up to approximately 1 fm, corresponding to transverse momenta as low as 200 MeV. Based on the quasi-TMD factorization theorem, we construct renormalization-group–invariant ratios that are equal to the corresponding light-cone TMDPDF ratios. At moderate <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>x</mi></math>, our results reveal that the isovector helicity and unpolarized TMDPDFs exhibit nearly identical transverse structure up to a normalization factor, and the unpolarized distributions display only mild flavor dependence. These findings not only support key trends observed in recent global analyses but also provide robust, nonperturbative constraints that can distinguish between different parameterizations. This Letter establishes a first-principles benchmark for TMDPDFs, offering valuable input for ongoing and future experimental efforts to map the proton’s three-dimensional structure.

Dennis Bollweg

Xiang Gao

Swagato Mukherjee

Yong Zhao

Lattice QCD Benchmark of Proton Helicity and Flavor-Dependent Unpolarized Transverse Momentum-Dependent Parton Distribution Functions at Physical Quark Masses

We study the S-wave interactions between the nucleon ( <italic>N</italic>) and the triply charmed Omega baryon (&#937; <inf>ccc</inf>) using (2+1)-flavor lattice QCD with a physical pion mass ( <italic>m<inf>&#960;</inf></italic>&#8239;&#8771;&#8239;137.1 MeV) on a lattice volume &#8239;&#8771;&#8239;(8.1&#8201;fm) 3. The charm quark is implemented with a relativistic heavy-quark action at its physical mass. Employing the time-dependent HAL QCD method, the <math altimg='si29.svg'><mrow><mi>N</mi><mspace width='0.16em' /><mo linebreak='goodbreak'>&#8722;</mo><mspace width='0.16em' /><msub><mstyle mathvariant='normal'><mi>&#937;</mi></mstyle><mrow><mi mathvariant='normal'>ccc</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math> potentials in the spin-1 ( 3S <inf>1</inf>) and spin-2 ( 5S <inf>2</inf>) channels are extracted. In both channels, overall attraction is found with the scattering parameters, <math altimg='si30.svg'><mrow><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo linebreak='goodbreak'>=</mo><mn>0.56</mn><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>0.13</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mo stretchy='true'>(</mo><msubsup><mrow /><mrow><mo>&#8722;</mo><mn>0.03</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo><mn>0.26</mn></mrow></msubsup><mo stretchy='true'>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math> fm and <math altimg='si31.svg'><mrow><msub><mi>r</mi><mrow><mi mathvariant='normal'>eff</mi></mrow></msub><mo linebreak='goodbreak'>=</mo><mn>1.60</mn><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>0.05</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mo stretchy='true'>(</mo><msubsup><mrow /><mrow><mo>&#8722;</mo><mn>0.12</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo><mn>0.04</mn></mrow></msubsup><mo stretchy='true'>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math> fm for the 3S <inf>1</inf> channel, and <math altimg='si32.svg'><mrow><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mo linebreak='goodbreak'>=</mo><mn>0.38</mn><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>0.12</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mo stretchy='true'>(</mo><msubsup><mrow /><mrow><mo>&#8722;</mo><mn>0.00</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo><mn>0.25</mn></mrow></msubsup><mo stretchy='true'>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math> fm and <math altimg='si33.svg'><mrow><msub><mi>r</mi><mrow><mi mathvariant='normal'>eff</mi></mrow></msub><mo linebreak='goodbreak'>=</mo><mn>2.04</mn><mrow><mo>(</mo><mn>0.10</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow><mrow><mo stretchy='true'>(</mo><msubsup><mrow /><mrow><mo>&#8722;</mo><mn>0.22</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo><mn>0.03</mn></mrow></msubsup><mo stretchy='true'>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math> fm for the 5S <inf>2</inf> channel, indicating the absence of a dibaryon bound state. The extracted potentials are further decomposed into spin-independent and spin-dependent components. The spin-independent potential is a dominant component and features a short-range attractive core and a long-range attractive tail, while the spin-dependent potential shows short-range attraction (repulsion) in the spin-1 (spin-2) channel. Qualitative comparisons with previous studies of the <math altimg='si4.svg'><mrow><mi>N</mi><mspace width='0.16em' /><mo linebreak='goodbreak'>&#8722;</mo><mspace width='0.16em' /><mi>J</mi><mo linebreak='goodbreak'>/</mo><mi>&#968;</mi></mrow></math> and <math altimg='si34.svg'><mrow><mi>N</mi><mspace width='0.16em' /><mo linebreak='goodbreak'>&#8722;</mo><mspace width='0.16em' /><msub><mstyle mathvariant='normal'><mi>&#937;</mi></mstyle><mrow><mi mathvariant='normal'>sss</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math> systems at <italic>m<inf>&#960;</inf></italic>&#8239;&#8771;&#8239;146 MeV are provided, emphasizing the role of heavy-hadron chromo-polarizability arising from soft-gluon exchange between the nucleon and flavor-singlet hadrons. The charm quark mass dependence of the <math altimg='si35.svg'><mrow><mi>N</mi><mspace width='0.16em' /><mo linebreak='goodbreak'>&#8722;</mo><mspace width='0.16em' /><msub><mstyle mathvariant='normal'><mi>&#937;</mi></mstyle><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant='normal'>c</mi></mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math> potential is investigated as well.

Japan

Liang Zhang

Takumi Doi

Yan Lyu

Tetsuo Hatsuda

Yu-Gang Ma

Probing nucleon-Ω <inf>ccc</inf> interaction via lattice QCD at physical quark masses

We study magnetic properties of the hadron resonance gas in the presence of a strong (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>≤</mo><mi>B</mi><mo>≤</mo><mn>0.15</mn><mspace width="4pt"></mspace><msup><mrow><mi>GeV</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></math>) magnetic field, using physical values of the magnetic moments of hadrons, i.e., including their anomalous parts. The values of these moments are taken from experiment, or when unavailable, from theoretical estimates. We evaluate the conserved charge susceptibilities, finding the expected sizable effects of the anomalous magnetic moments, in particular for the octet baryons, such as the proton and neutron, where they are exceptionally large. We also study in detail the large effects of the magnetic moments of the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mo>(</mo><mn>1232</mn><mo>)</mo></mrow></math> states, for which various theoretical estimates and experimental values differ significantly. We compare our model results with the lattice quantum chromodynamics data and find reasonable agreement within the model uncertainty.

Rupam Samanta

Wojciech Broniowski

Magnetic properties of the hadron resonance gas with physical magnetic moments

We analyse a stationary, cylindrically symmetric spacetime endowed with an intrinsic helical twist, <math altimg='si95.svg'><mrow><mi>d</mi><msup><mi>s</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo linebreak='goodbreak'>=</mo><mo>&#8722;</mo><mi>d</mi><msup><mi>t</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo linebreak='goodbreak'>+</mo><mi>d</mi><msup><mi>r</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo linebreak='goodbreak'>+</mo><msup><mi>r</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mi>d</mi><msup><mi>&#981;</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo linebreak='goodbreak'>+</mo><msup><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>d</mi><mi>z</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>&#969;</mi><mspace width='0.16em' /><mi>r</mi><mspace width='0.16em' /><mi>d</mi><mi>&#981;</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></math>. Solving the Einstein equations exactly yields an anisotropic energy&#8211;momentum tensor whose density is negative and decays as <math altimg='si96.svg'><msup><mi>r</mi><mrow><mo>&#8722;</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math>, thus violating the weak energy condition near the axis. Three notable features emerge: (i) axis-centred negative energy; (ii) unequal transverse stresses; (iii) a torsional momentum flux <math altimg='si97.svg'><mrow><msub><mi>T</mi><mrow><mi>&#981;</mi><mi>z</mi></mrow></msub><mo>&#8733;</mo><msup><mi>&#969;</mi><mn>3</mn></msup><mo linebreak='goodbreak'>/</mo><mi>r</mi></mrow></math>. We identify stable photon orbits and deflection angle, fully helical geodesics, and torsion-controlled wave optics modes, suggesting laboratory analogues in twisted liquid-crystal and photonic systems. The coupling between the torsion parameter <math altimg='si10.svg'><mi>&#969;</mi></math> and other physical parameters leads to significant effects, altering the motion along the positive or negative <math altimg='si98.svg'><mi>z</mi></math>-axis. These results make the twisted helical metric a useful test bed for studying the interplay of curvature, torsion, and matter in both gravitational and condensed-matter contexts.

Brazil

Edilberto O. Silva

Frankbelson dos S. Azevedo

India

Faizuddin Ahmed

Helically twisted spacetime: Study of geometric and wave optics, and physical analysis

Lepton number violation decay $ \omega \to \pi^+ \pi^+ e^-e^- +c.c. $ is searched for via $ J/\psi \to \omega\eta $ using a data sample of $ (1.0087 \pm 0.0044) \times 10^{10} $ $ J/\psi $ events collected via the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider. No significant signal is observed, and the upper limit on the branching fraction of $ \omega \to \pi^+ \pi^+ e^-e^- +c.c. $ at the 90% confidence level is determined for the first time to be $ 2.8 \times 10^{-6} $ .

Z.H. Duan

Search for the lepton number violation decay $\textit{ω}$→$\textit{π}$ $^{+}$ $\textit{π}$ $^{+}$ $\textit{e}$ $^{−}$ $\textit{e}$ $^{−}$+$\textit{c}$.$\textit{c}$. * Supported in part by National Key R&D Program of China (2023YFA1606000, 2023YFA1606704); National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (12035009, 11875170, 11635010, 11935015, 11935016, 11935018, 12025502, 12035013, 12061131003, 12192260, 12192261, 12192262, 12192263, 12192264, 12192265, 12221005, 12225509, 12235017, 12361141819); the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Large-Scale Scientific Facility Program; CAS (YSBR-101); 100 Talents Program of CAS; The Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (INPAC) and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology; Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo de Chile (ANID), Chile (ANID PIA/APOYO AFB230003); ERC (758462); German Research Foundation DFG (FOR5327); Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Italy; Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (2021.0174, 2021.0299); Ministry of Development of Turkey (DPT2006K-120470); National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2022R1A2C1092335); National Science and Technology fund of Mongolia; Polish National Science Centre (2024/53/B/ST2/00975); STFC (United Kingdom); Swedish Research Council (2019.04595); U. S. Department of Energy (DE-FG02-05ER41374)

In this paper, we study the different properties of static spherically symmetric black hole solutions of Einstein–Bel–Robinson gravity (EBR), a modified four-dimensional theory of gravity quartic in curvature. We look at the implications of EBR gravity on the orbit of massless and massive test bodies, derive modified expressions, and show how the higher curvature term influences the behavior of particle trajectories near black holes. Specifically, computing the innermost stable circular orbit and photon sphere, and finding them smaller than their Einstein counterparts in general relativity. Next, we obtain the deflection angle and shadow of an EBR black hole and find that both decrease compared to a non-rotating black hole in general relativity. Using the Shapiro time delay, we obtain a bound value for the coupling constant. Then, we explore the EBR black hole’s lifetime and find that it decreases to Einstein’s gravity. Quasinormal modes (QNMs) are computed using Padé averaged sixth-order WKB method, showing that increasing the coupling constant lowers the damping rate of ring-down gravitational waves (GWs). The oscillation frequency of scalar QNMs decreases with the coupling constant, whereas it increases for electromagnetic QNMs. We also provide an analytically rigorous bound on the greybody factor. We show that the coupling constant has a small effect on the greybody factor. Finally, correspondence between the greybody factor and quasinormal modes is also considered.

Thailand

Seyed Sajadi

Supakchai Ponglertsakul

Dhruba Gogoi

Physical properties of black hole solutions in Einstein–Bel–Robinson gravity