The Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC) is designed to operate at key center-of-mass energies: 91.2 GeV as a $\textit{Z}$ factory for precision $\textit{Z}$ boson studies, ≈ 160 GeV at the threshold for $\textit{W}$ boson pair production, and 240 GeV as a Higgs factory for copious Higgs boson production. It can be upgraded to 360 GeV (CEPC-360 GeV) for enabling top quark-antiquark ( $ t\bar{t}$ ) pair production. Beyond enabling high-precision measurements of the Standard Model (SM), CEPC-360 GeV is uniquely positioned to perform searches for new physics beyond the SM (BSM), serving as a valuable complement to hadron colliders. This paper presents a sensitivity study on the direct pair production of staus and smuons at the CEPC with $ \sqrt{s}$ = 360 GeV, conducted via full Monte Carlo simulation. Under the assumptions of 1.0 ab$^{−1}$ integrated luminosity and a flat 5% systematic uncertainty, CEPC-360 GeV could potentially discover the combined production of left-handed and right-handed staus up to a mass of 170 GeV (if they exist) or up to 169 for pure left-handed staus and 162 GeV for pure right-handed staus. For direct smuon production, the discovery potential reaches up to 178 GeV under the same conditions.

China

Feng Lyu

Jiarong Yuan

Huajie Cheng

Jianxiong Wang

Rabia Hameed

Da Xu

Xuai Zhuang

Search potential for direct slepton pair production at the CEPC with ${ \sqrt{\boldsymbol s}}$ = 360 GeV * Supported by the State Key Program of National Natural Science of China (2018YFA0404000, 12135013)

Neutrino oscillation experiments have confirmed that neutrinos are massive particles and that lepton flavors are mixed. To explain the observed lepton mass spectra and flavor mixing patterns, flavor symmetry plays a crucial and unique role. In this paper, we propose a useful symmetry-breaking scheme by applying $S_{3L} \times S_{3R} \rightarrow $ $ S_{2L} \times S_{2R} \rightarrow \emptyset$ within both charged-lepton and neutrino sectors at the mass-matrix level. For the three distinct residual subgroups $S_{2L}^{(23)} \times S_{2R}^{(23)}$ , $S_{2L}^{(13)} \times S_{2R}^{(13)}$ , and $S_{2L}^{(12)} \times S_{2R}^{(12)}$ that are under consideration, we systematically analyze the various parameterizations of the lepton mass matrices. It is shown that all three scenarios are in good agreement with current neutrino oscillation data. Notably, within the latest best-fit values of neutrino oscillation parameters, the predicted values of the Dirac CP-violating phase $\textit{δ}$ are $294.6^\circ$ , $302.3^\circ$ , and $287.0^\circ$ , respectively. To further assess the viability of the model, a comprehensive numerical analysis is performed by utilizing neutrino oscillation parameters at the $3\sigma$ level. It is found that the allowed ranges of $\textit{δ}$ are $281.2^\circ \rightarrow 338.7^\circ$ , $287.0^\circ \rightarrow 342.2^\circ$ , and $282.7^\circ \rightarrow 297.0^\circ$ , which all fall within its $3\sigma$ range. These results indicate that the proposed symmetry-breaking scheme $S_{3L} \times S_{3R} \rightarrow S_{2L} \times S_{2R} \rightarrow \emptyset$ can naturally explain the realistic lepton mass hierarchy and mixing pattern, thereby providing valuable theoretical perspectives for future research.

Chang-Qi Hu

Chun-Yuan Li

Xiao Liang

Xing-Hua Yang

Dai-Xing Zhang

Further study on lepton mass spectra and flavor mixing with $\textit{S}$ 3$\textit{L}$ × $\textit{S}$ 3$\textit{R}$ flavor symmetry * Supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12105162, 12305106), the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2021QA058, ZR2021QA040) and the Youth Innovation Technology Project of Higher School in Shandong Province (2023KJ146)

In this work, we investigate possible bound states in the $ D_s\bar{D}_s $ system using the Bethe-Salpeter (BS) formalism within both the ladder and instantaneous approximations. By numerically solving the Bethe-Salpeter equation with a kernel that incorporates contributions from $\textit{ϕ}$ and $ J/\psi $ meson exchanges, we confirm the existence of a loosely bound state. Furthermore, we explore the partial decay widths of the $ D_s\bar{D}_s $ bound state into the $ D\bar{D} $ , $ \eta_c\eta $ , and $ J/\psi\omega $ channels, and observe that these widths are sensitive to the model parameter $\textit{α}$. Notably, we find the dominant decay channel for the $ D_s\bar{D}_s $ bound state to be $ D\bar{D} $ .

Jing-Juan Qi

Zhen-Yang Wang

Zhu-Feng Zhang

Xin-Heng Guo

The properties of the $\textit{S}$-wave D$_{s}$ D $_{s}$ bound state * Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12405115, 12275024, 12105149)

The particle-physics nature of dark matter (DM) remains one of the central open questions in modern physics. A widely used framework to investigate DM properties is provided by <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>s</mi></math>-channel simplified models (DMSimps), which extend the Standard Model with a DM particle and a mediator that connects the visible and dark sectors. Much of the DMSimps parameter space is already constrained by direct and indirect detection, collider searches, and the measured DM relic abundance. We show, however, that the resonant regime (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>DM</mi></mrow></msub><mo>≃</mo><msub><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>med</mi></mrow></msub><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn></math>) remains viable under current bounds and will be stringently tested by forthcoming experiments. Using a full Boltzmann treatment that allows for departures from kinetic equilibrium near resonance, we demonstrate that this regime can reproduce the observed relic density with couplings compatible with direct-detection limits. We also show that models with <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>s</mi></math>-wave dominated annihilation can explain the Fermi-LAT Galactic Center Excess with couplings consistent with relic-density and direct-detection constraints. Finally, we propose two minimal constructions that naturally realize <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>med</mi></mrow></msub><mo>≈</mo><mn>2</mn><msub><mi>m</mi><mrow><mi>DM</mi></mrow></msub></math>, making the resonant scenario generic rather than fine-tuned.

Italy

Mattia Di Mauro

Bohan Xie

S-channel dark matter simplified models in the resonance region

Using proton-proton collision data collected by the CMS experiment at <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><msqrt><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow></msqrt><mo>=</mo><mn>13</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mi>TeV</mi></mrow></math> in 2016–2018, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><mn>140</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><msup><mrow><mi>fb</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math>, the first full reconstruction of the three vector <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>B</mi></math> meson states, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>*</mo><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></math>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>*</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math>, and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>*</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math>, is performed. The mass differences between the excited mesons and their corresponding ground states are measured to be <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msup><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>*</mo><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><mo>−</mo><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msup><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><mn>45.277</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.039</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.027</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mi>MeV</mi></mrow></math>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msup><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>*</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></msup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><mo>−</mo><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msup><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><mn>45.471</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.056</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.028</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mi>MeV</mi></mrow></math>, and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msubsup><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>*</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></msubsup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><mo>−</mo><mrow><mi>m</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msubsup><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>0</mn></mrow></msubsup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><mn>49.407</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.132</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>0.041</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mi>MeV</mi></mrow></math>, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second are systematic. These results improve on the precision of previous measurements by an order of magnitude.

Armenia

A. Hayrapetyan

V. Makarenko

A. Tumasyan

Austria

W. Adam

J.W. Andrejkovic

L. Benato

T. Bergauer

M. Dragicevic

C. Giordano

P.S. Hussain

M. Jeitler

N. Krammer

A. Li

D. Liko

M. Matthewman

I. Mikulec

J. Schieck

R. Schöfbeck

D. Schwarz

M. Shooshtari

M. Sonawane

W. Waltenberger

C.E. Wulz

Belgium

T. Janssen

H. Kwon

D. Ocampo Henao

T. Van Laer

P. Van Mechelen

J. Bierkens

N. Breugelmans

J. D’Hondt

S. Dansana

A. De Moor

M. Delcourt

F. Heyen

Y. Hong

P. Kashko

S. Lowette

I. Makarenko

D. Müller

J. Song

S. Tavernier

M. Tytgat

G.P. Van Onsem

S. Van Putte

D. Vannerom

B. Bilin

B. Clerbaux

A.K. Das

I. De Bruyn

G. De Lentdecker

H. Evard

L. Favart

P. Gianneios

A. Khalilzadeh

F.A. Khan

A. Malara

M.A. Shahzad

L. Thomas

M. Vanden Bemden

C. Vander Velde

P. Vanlaer

F. Zhang

M. De Coen

D. Dobur

G. Gokbulut

J. Knolle

L. Lambrecht

D. Marckx

K. Skovpen

N. Van Den Bossche

J. van der Linden

J. Vandenbroeck

L. Wezenbeek

S. Bein

A. Benecke

A. Bethani

G. Bruno

A. Cappati

J. De Favereau De Jeneret

C. Delaere

A. Giammanco

A.O. Guzel

V. Lemaitre

J. Lidrych

P. Malek

P. Mastrapasqua

S. Turkcapar

Brazil

G.A. Alves

M. Barroso Ferreira Filho

E. Coelho

C. Hensel

T. Menezes De Oliveira

C. Mora Herrera

P. Rebello Teles

M. Soeiro

E.J. Tonelli Manganote

A. Vilela Pereira

W.L. Aldá Júnior

H. Brandao Malbouisson

First Exclusive Reconstruction of the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>*</mo><mo>+</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></math>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>*</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math>, and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><msubsup><mrow><mi>B</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>*</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math> Mesons and Precise Measurement of Their Masses

We numerically construct asymptotically global <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>AdS</mi><mn>3</mn></msub><mo>×</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi><mn>3</mn></msup><mo>×</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi><mn>4</mn></msup></math> black holes in type IIB supergravity, with <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi><mi>t</mi></msub><mo>×</mo><mrow><mi>SO</mi></mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>2</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>×</mo><mrow><mi>SO</mi></mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>3</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>×</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mn>4</mn></msup></math> symmetry, localized on the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi><mn>3</mn></msup></math> and translationally invariant along the torus. These solutions, with horizons whose spatial cross sections have <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi><mn>4</mn></msup><mo>×</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi><mn>4</mn></msup></math> topology, dominate the microcanonical ensemble at low energies. At higher energies, a first-order phase transition occurs to <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>BTZ</mi><mo>×</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi><mn>3</mn></msup><mo>×</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi><mn>4</mn></msup></math> black holes—possessing <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi><mi>t</mi></msub><mo>×</mo><mrow><mi>SO</mi></mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>2</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>×</mo><mrow><mi>SO</mi></mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>4</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>×</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mn>4</mn></msup></math> symmetry and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi><mn>1</mn></msup><mo>×</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi><mn>3</mn></msup><mo>×</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi><mn>4</mn></msup></math> horizon topology. By the AdS/CFT correspondence, this transition reflects the spontaneous breaking of the SO(4) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>R</mi></math> symmetry of the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><mi>D</mi><mn>1</mn><mtext>−</mtext><mi>D</mi><mn>5</mn></mrow></math> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>CFT</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></math> to SO(3). We also compute the expectation value of the scalar operator with lowest conformal dimension in the low-energy phase. Our SO(3)-localized black holes—together with the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>1</mn><msup><mrow><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></math>-localized solutions of Bena et al. [<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/JHEP10(2025)165">J. High Energy Phys. 10 (2025) 165</a>.]—point to a rich landscape of novel black holes that may approach the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>CFT</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></math> “sparseness bootstrap condition,” and shed light on how macroscopic entanglement in thermal phases encodes microscopic structure via internal directions.

United Kingdom

Óscar J.C. Dias

Jorge E. Santos

Localized <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>AdS</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mo>×</mo></mrow><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup><mo>×</mo><mtext> </mtext><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">T</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math> Black Holes

The nature of the Higgs boson, whether it is elementary or composite, will be investigated through precision measurements at the collider experiments. In composite Higgs scenarios, the Higgs may manifest as a pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone boson (pNGB) arising from a strongly interacting sector. The <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>S</mi><mi>U</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>5</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>/</mo><mi>S</mi><mi>O</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>5</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math> composite Higgs model features a rich scalar sector, with the decay patterns of the scalars being heavily influenced by the way fermions are embedded in various representations of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>S</mi><mi>U</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>5</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math>. We discuss how masses of the pNGB scalars and their couplings depend functionally on the compositeness scale and the parameters of the strong sector. Unique decay modes of the scalars emerge from the model when the mixing among the various pNGB scalars is non-negligible. We present a comprehensive and thorough analysis of the fermiophilic and fermiophobic decay modes of the pNGB scalars. Significant differences are observed in the decay patterns of the two singly charged scalars. Further, the decay of one pNGB to another on shell pNGB when masses exceed about 1 TeV presents a rich phenomenology, leading to distinctive signatures at the colliders. In this context, the future muon collider offers a promising avenue for detecting pNGB scalars with masses larger than 1 TeV, especially in final states involving <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>W</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>Z</mi></math> fatjets.

India

Nilanjana Kumar

Vandana Sahdev

Exotic decays and collider signatures of pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone bosons in the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><mi>S</mi><mi>U</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>5</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>/</mo><mi>S</mi><mi>O</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mn>5</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></math> composite Higgs model

Motivated by the recent observation of the open-charm tetraquark $$T_{c\bar{s}0}^{a}(2327)$$ by the LHCb Collaboration, as well as results from Lattice QCD calculations, we consider the $$T_{c\bar{s}0}^{a}(2327)$$ and the $$D_{s0}^{*}(2317)$$ as $\textit{DK}$ molecular states, with $$I(J^{P})$$ equal to $$1(0^{+})$$ and $$0(0^{+})$$ , respectively, and we investigate their strong decay behavior in an effective Lagrangian approach. Within the model parameter range, we can reproduce the $$T_{c\bar{s}0}^{a}(2327)$$ experimental decay width, with the assumption that the $$D_{s}^{+}\pi ^{0}$$ is the dominant decay channel of the $$T_{c\bar{s}0}^{a+}(2327)$$ . In the same parameter range, we can establish a stringent limitation for the decay width of the $$D_{s0}^{*}(2317)$$ , which is $$(63.0-209)~\textrm{keV}$$ being significantly smaller than the PDG upper limit value.

Zi-Li Yue

Quan-Yun Guo

Dian-Yong Chen

Elena Santopinto

Determining the width of $$D_{s0}^{*}(2317)$$ by using $$T_{c\bar{s}0}^{a}(2327)$$ in a molecular frame

This work establishes 95% confidence level limits to models incorporating additional fermions sensitive to the strong interaction. Precision measurements of Transverse Energy-Energy Correlations at the ATLAS experiment are used, exploiting their dependence on the strong coupling constant to analyse the effects of introducing new fermions with colour charge on the Renormalisation Group Equation. The comparison between theoretical predictions, corrected up to next-to-next-to-leading order, and the data collected by ATLAS at <math altimg='si10.svg'><mrow><msqrt><mi>s</mi></msqrt><mo linebreak='goodbreak'>=</mo><mn>13</mn></mrow></math> TeV allows to constrain physics models proposing the existence of new fermions with masses up to 4 TeV, independently of assumptions on the fermion decay.

Spain

Javier Llorente

Eva Sánchez

Limits on new strongly interacting matter from measurements of Transverse Energy-Energy Correlations at <math altimg='si10.svg'><mrow><msqrt><mi>s</mi></msqrt><mo linebreak='goodbreak'>=</mo><mn>13</mn></mrow></math> TeV at the LHC

Using the Monte Carlo <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mi>HYDJET</mi><mo>+</mo><mo>+</mo></mrow></math> model, we investigate the transverse momentum (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>p</mi><mi>T</mi></msub></math>) spectra of heavy-flavor hadrons, namely <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi>D</mi><mn>0</mn></msup><mo>,</mo><mo> </mo><msup><mover><mi>D</mi><mo>¯</mo></mover><mn>0</mn></msup><mo>,</mo><mo> </mo><msup><mi>D</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><mo>,</mo><mo> </mo><msup><mi>D</mi><mo>−</mo></msup></math>, and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></math>, along with the nuclear modification factors of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi>D</mi><mn>0</mn></msup></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi>D</mi><mo>±</mo></msup></math> in Au <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mo>+</mo></math> Au collisions at <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><msqrt><msub><mi>s</mi><mrow><mi>N</mi><mi>N</mi></mrow></msub></msqrt><mo>=</mo><mn>200</mn></mrow></math> GeV RHIC energy across various centrality bins. This work extends the earlier study by relaxing the assumption of identical chemical and thermal freezeout and by exploring the effect of a higher chemical freezeout temperature relative to thermal freezeout. The study also explores the centrality and mass dependence of the charm enhancement factor (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>γ</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></math>). Furthermore, we investigate medium-induced energy loss, particle-antiparticle asymmetry, and the role of fragmentation in the hadronization process. The <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mi>HYDJET</mi><mo>+</mo><mo>+</mo></mrow></math> model, with its default parameters, is unable to reproduce heavy hadron yields due to their early thermal freezeout and initial state production of heavy quarks. Therefore, a systematic tuning of model parameters is performed to improve the overall agreement with experimental data. Additionally, to assess the performance of the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><mi>HYDJET</mi><mo>+</mo><mo>+</mo></mrow></math> model relative to other theoretical approaches, its results are compared with the TAMU, SUBATECH, Torino, and Duke models, for which corresponding simulation data are available. This study shows a decreasing trend in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>γ</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></math> from central to peripheral collisions. Moreover, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>γ</mi><mi>c</mi></msub></math> increases with increasing charm-hadron mass. The model approximately reproduces the experimental data of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>p</mi><mi>T</mi></msub></math> spectra at low and intermediate <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>p</mi><mi>T</mi></msub></math>. However, it overestimates the data at high <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>p</mi><mi>T</mi></msub></math>, indicating a need for improvements in modeling the energy loss of heavy quarks. The nuclear modification factors (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>R</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>R</mi><mrow><mi>C</mi><mi>P</mi></mrow></msub></math>) for <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msup><mi>D</mi><mn>0</mn></msup></math> mesons exhibit significant suppression at high <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>p</mi><mi>T</mi></msub></math>. At low <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><msub><mi>p</mi><mi>T</mi></msub><mo>,</mo><mo> </mo><msub><mi>R</mi><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>A</mi></mrow></msub></math> results show deviations from the data, reflecting limitations in the model where coalescence becomes important. The antiparticle-to-particle ratios are consistent with experimental data, whereas mixed-particle ratios are underestimated, revealing the model's limitation in estimating the baryon-to-meson enhancement.

Sunidhi Saxena

Rajiv Gupta

Gauri Devi

Ajay Kumar

Heavy hadron production in <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mi>Au</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>Au</mi></math> collisions at a center-of-mass energy of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mrow><msqrt><msub><mi>s</mi><mrow><mi>N</mi><mi>N</mi></mrow></msub></msqrt><mo>=</mo><mn>200</mn></mrow></math> GeV