Within the framework of Dyson-Schwinger equations (DSEs) and by means of the Multiple Reflection Expansion approximation, we study the finite volume effects on the constituent quark mass in a strong external magnetic field. Since the magnetic field influences the coupling constant, which controls the strength of strong interactions in QCD, we adopt the magnetic-field-dependent running coupling constant in our simulations. The results show that, in addition to the magnetic field, the masses of constituent quarks also have a significant dependence on the volume and the running coupling constant. The model behaves closely to the infinite volume limit for large sizes, but the effect of the finite volume is significant when the system size $\textit{R}$ is about $ 2-6 $ fm. The finite volume effects and the magnetic-field-dependent running coupling constant have considerable influence on the phase transition.

China

Li-Juan Zhou

De-Xian Wei

Zhong-Yi Liu

Hong-Wei Zhong

Dynamical quark mass and finite volume effects in the Dyson-Schwinger equations * Li-Juan Zhou has been supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11865005), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi (China) (2025GXNSFAA069552). De-Xian Wei has been supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12105057), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi (China) (2023GXNSFAA026020)

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) started physics data taking on 26 August 2025. JUNO consists of a 20-kton liquid scintillator central detector, surrounded by a 35 kton water pool serving as a Cherenkov veto, and almost 1000 m$^{2}$ of plastic scintillator veto on top. The detector is located in a shallow underground laboratory with an overburden of 1800 m.w.e. This paper presents the performance results of the detector, extensively studied during the commissioning of the water phase, the subsequent liquid scintillator filling phase, and the first physics runs. The liquid scintillator achieved an attenuation length of 20.6 m at 430 nm, while the high coverage PMT system and scintillator together yielded about 1785 photoelectrons per MeV of energy deposit at the detector centre, measured using the 2.223 MeV $\textit{γ}$ from neutron captures on hydrogen with an Am-C calibration source. The reconstructed energy resolution is 3.4% for two 0.511 MeV $\textit{γ}$ at the detector centre and 2.9% for the 0.93 MeV quenched $^{214}$Po alpha decays from natural radioactive sources. The energy non-linearity is calibrated to better than 1%. Intrinsic contaminations of $^{238}$U and $^{232}$Th in the liquid scintillator are below 10$^{-16}$ g/g, assuming secular equilibrium. The water Cherenkov detector achieves a muon detection efficiency better than 99.9% for muons traversing the liquid scintillator volume. During the initial science runs, the data acquisition duty cycle exceeded 97.8%, demonstrating the excellent stability and readiness of JUNO for high-precision neutrino physics.

Chile

Angel Abusleme

France

Thomas Adam

Germany

Kai Adamowicz

David Adey

Pakistan

Shakeel Ahmad

Rizwan Ahmed

Finland

Timo Ahola

Italy

Sebastiano Aiello

Fengpeng An

Guangpeng An

United Kingdom

Costas Andreopoulos

Giuseppe Andronico

João Pedro Athayde Marcondes de André

Russia

Nikolay Anfimov

Vito Antonelli

Tatiana Antoshkina

Thailand

Burin Asavapibhop

Didier Auguste

Margherita Buizza Avanzini

Slovakia

Andrej Babic

Jingzhi Bai

Weidong Bai

Nikita Balashov

Roberto Barbera

Andrea Barresi

Davide Basilico

Eric Baussan

Beatrice Bellantonio

Marco Bellato

JeanLuc Beney

Marco Beretta

Antonio Bergnoli

Enrico Bernieri

Nikita Bessonov

David Biaré

Daniel Bick

Lukas Bieger

Svetlana Biktemerova

Thilo Birkenfeld

David Blum

Simon Blyth

Sara Boarin

Manuel Boehles

Anastasia Bolshakova

Mathieu Bongrand

Aurélie Bonhomme

Clément Bordereau

Matteo Borghesi

Augusto Brigatti

Timothee Brugiere

Riccardo Brugnera

Riccardo Bruno

Jonas Buchholz

Antonio Budano

Max Buesken

Mario Buscemi

Severino Bussino

Jose Busto

Ilya Butorov

Marcel Büchner

Anatael Cabrera

Barbara Caccianiga

Boshuai Cai

Hao Cai

Xiao Cai

Yanke Cai

Yi-zhou Cai

Zhiyan Cai

Stéphane Callier

Steven Calvez

Antonio Cammi

Agustin Campeny

Dechang Cai

Chuanya Cao

Dewen Cao

Guofu Cao

Jun Cao

Yaoqi Cao

Rossella Caruso

Aurelio Caslini

Cédric Cerna

Vanessa Cerrone

Daniele Cesini

Chi Chan

Jinfan Chang

Yun Chang

Milo Charavet

Tim Charissé

Auttakit Chatrabhuti

Chao Chen

Guoming Chen

Haitao Chen

Haotian Chen

Jiahui Chen

Jian Chen

Jing Chen

Junyou Chen

Lihao Chen

Mali Chen

Mingming Chen

Initial performance results of the JUNO detector * We acknowledge financial and institutional supportfrom the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the National KeyR&D Program of China, the People's Government of Guangdong Province, and the Tsung–Dao Lee Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University in China.We appreciate the contributions from the Institut Na-tional de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Partic-ules (IN2P3) in France, the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) in Italy, the Fonds de la Recherche Sci-entifique (F.R.S.–FNRS) and the Institut Interuni-versitaire des Sciences Nucléaires (IISN) in Belgium, and the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico eTecnológico (CNPq) in Brazil.We also acknowledge the support of the AgenciaNacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID) and the ANID–Millennium Science Initiative Program (ICN2019044) in Chile; the European Structural and In-vestment Funds, the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports, and the Charles University Research Center inthe Czech Republic; the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinsch-aft (DFG), the Helmholtz Association, and the Cluster ofExcellence PRISMA+ in Germany; and the Joint Insti-tute for Nuclear Research (JINR) and Lomonosov Mo-scow State University in Russia.We further thank the Slovak Research and Develop-ment Agency in the Slovak Republic, the National Science and Technology Council (NSCT) and MOE, China, the Program Management Unit for Hu-man Resources & Institutional Development, Research and Innovation (PMU–B), Chulalongkorn University, and Suranaree University of Technology in Thailand, the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) in the United Kingdom, and the University of California atIrvine and the National Science Foundation (NSF) in the United States

Despite direct searches at the LHC excluding tripletlike Higgs bosons up to several hundred GeV over much of the type-II seesaw model parameter space, parts of it—most notably those featuring “cascade decays” of the charged Higgs bosons into their neutral partners and off-shell <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>W</mi></math> bosons—still remain unconstrained. Meanwhile, measurements of the diphoton signal strength of the Standard Model (SM) Higgs boson—potentially modified by loop contributions from tripletlike Higgs states—are in good agreement with the SM expectation, with combined experimental uncertainties currently at approximately 8%. Given the trend in previous measurements, it is expected that future precision Higgs measurements at the HL-LHC and a future lepton collider such as the Circular Electron Positron Collider, Future Circular Collider, or Muon Collider will be consistent the standard diphoton signal strength, albeit with significantly reduced uncertainties, down to about 0.7%. Presuming this and considering all relevant constraints, we explore whether such increasingly precise diphoton measurements can indirectly probe the parameter space that currently evades direct searches. We find that subpercent-level determinations of the diphoton rate will decisively probe a substantial fraction of this otherwise elusive region.

Saiyad Ashanujjaman

United States

P.S. Bhupal Dev

Jihong Huang

Shun Zhou

Precision Higgs boson probe of type-II seesaw models

We point out that relic neutrinos from the Big Bang may induce the parametric fluorescence in atomic or molecular systems, which offers a novel way to discover cosmic neutrino background. By coherently scattering with molecular energy levels, a massive neutrino can spontaneously “decay” into a lighter neutrino and an infrared signal photon; i.e., <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>ν</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>i</mi></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><mi>M</mi><mo stretchy="false">→</mo><msub><mrow><mi>ν</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mrow><mi>γ</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi></mrow></msub><mo>+</mo><mi>M</mi></mrow></math>, where the molecular state <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><mi>M</mi></mrow></math> remains unchanged after the scattering. Because the amplitudes of different radiants are matched in phase, the rate is coherently enhanced and proportional to the squared density of ambient dipoles. When the energy transfer from neutrinos coincides with the energy-level difference, the fluorescence will be on resonance. Near the resonance, the rate is proportional to the square of the coherence time <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></math> of the ensemble. For a nominal target volume of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><mn>5</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><msup><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math> (or <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><mn>5</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><msup><mrow><mi>cm</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math>), the signal rate can reach <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><mn>1</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><msup><mrow><mi>yr</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></mrow></math> for <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>10</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mi>ns</mi></mrow></math> (or <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>10</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">μ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi></mrow></mrow></math>). This event rate appears to be very promising in consideration of an even longer coherence time that is achievable in solid systems.

Guo-yuan Huang

Probing the Cosmic Neutrino Background through Parametric Fluorescence

Motivated by the precise measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters at Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), we investigate the possibility of probing the unitarity violation of lepton flavor mixing matrix solely with reactor antineutrinos. First, we stress that it is necessary to reconsider the production and detection of neutrinos in a self-consistent way, apart from neutrino propagation, when analyzing experimental sensitivities to unitarity violation. Then, concentrating on JUNO and its satellite experiment Taishan Antineutrino Observatory (TAO), we demonstrate how the event rates of inverse beta decays (i.e., <math altimg='si7.svg'><mrow><msub><mover><mrow><mi>&#957;</mi></mrow><mo stretchy='true'>&#8254;</mo></mover><mi>e</mi></msub><mo linebreak='goodbreak'>+</mo><mi>p</mi><mo>&#8594;</mo><msup><mi>e</mi><mo>+</mo></msup><mo linebreak='goodbreak'>+</mo><mi>n</mi></mrow></math>) for observing <math altimg='si8.svg'><mrow><msub><mover><mrow><mi>&#957;</mi></mrow><mo stretchy='true'>&#8254;</mo></mover><mi>e</mi></msub><mo>&#8594;</mo><msub><mover><mrow><mi>&#957;</mi></mrow><mo stretchy='true'>&#8254;</mo></mover><mi>e</mi></msub></mrow></math> oscillations, and those of elastic antineutrino-electron scattering (i.e., <math altimg='si9.svg'><mrow><msub><mover><mrow><mi>&#957;</mi></mrow><mo stretchy='true'>&#8254;</mo></mover><mi>&#945;</mi></msub><mo linebreak='goodbreak'>+</mo><msup><mi>e</mi><mo>&#8722;</mo></msup><mo>&#8594;</mo><msub><mover><mrow><mi>&#957;</mi></mrow><mo stretchy='true'>&#8254;</mo></mover><mi>&#945;</mi></msub><mo linebreak='goodbreak'>+</mo><msup><mi>e</mi><mo>&#8722;</mo></msup></mrow></math> with <math altimg='si10.svg'><mrow><mi>&#945;</mi><mo linebreak='goodbreak'>=</mo><mi>e</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>&#956;</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>&#964;</mi></mrow></math>) for <math altimg='si11.svg'><mrow><msub><mover><mrow><mi>&#957;</mi></mrow><mo stretchy='true'>&#8254;</mo></mover><mi>e</mi></msub><mo>&#8594;</mo><msub><mover><mrow><mi>&#957;</mi></mrow><mo stretchy='true'>&#8254;</mo></mover><mi>&#956;</mi></msub></mrow></math> and <math altimg='si12.svg'><mrow><msub><mover><mrow><mi>&#957;</mi></mrow><mo stretchy='true'>&#8254;</mo></mover><mi>e</mi></msub><mo>&#8594;</mo><msub><mover><mrow><mi>&#957;</mi></mrow><mo stretchy='true'>&#8254;</mo></mover><mi>&#964;</mi></msub></mrow></math> oscillations, depend on the parameters characterizing unitarity violation. Our investigation will be useful for JUNO and TAO to place independent constraints with more data in the near future.

Probing unitarity violation of lepton flavor mixing matrix with reactor antineutrinos at JUNO and TAO

We propose a novel method to detect reactor $ \overline{\nu}^{}_e \to \overline{\nu}^{}_\mu $ and $ \overline{\nu}^{}_e \to \overline{\nu}^{}_\tau $ oscillations by using elastic antineutrino-electron scattering processes $ \overline{\nu}^{}_\alpha + e^- \to \overline{\nu}^{}_\alpha + e^- $ (for $ \alpha = e, \mu, \tau $ ), among which the $ \overline{\nu}^{}_e $ events can be singled out by accurately measuring the $ \overline{\nu}^{}_e $ flux via the inverse beta decay $ \overline{\nu}^{}_e + p \to e^+ + n $ . A proof-of-concept study shows that such measurements will not only be able to test the conservation of probability for reactor antineutrino oscillations, but also offer a new possibility to probe leptonic CP violation at the one-loop level.

Yifang Wang

Zhi-zhong Xing

Towards a detection of reactor ${\overline {\boldsymbol v}_{\boldsymbol e} \boldsymbol\to \overline {\boldsymbol v}_{\boldsymbol\mu} }$ and ${\overline {\boldsymbol v}_{\boldsymbol e} \boldsymbol\to \overline {\boldsymbol v}_{\boldsymbol\tau} }$ oscillations with possible CP violation * Supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12475113, 12535007), the CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research (YSBR-099), and the Scientific and Technological Innovation Program of IHEP (E55457U2)

Extending the Standard Model (SM) with three right-handed neutrinos, the type-I seesaw model serves as the simplest and most natural scenario to successfully explain both tiny neutrino masses and the baryon number asymmetry in the Universe. In this paper, we perform a complete one-loop renormalization of the type-I seesaw model in the modified minimal-subtraction ( <math altimg='si1.svg'><mover><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant='normal'>M</mi></mrow><mi>S</mi></mrow><mo stretchy='true'>&#8254;</mo></mover></math>) scheme. The one-loop self-energy corrections of charged leptons and Majorana neutrinos are calculated in the <math altimg='si2.svg'><msub><mi>R</mi><mi>&#958;</mi></msub></math> gauge, and the explicit expressions of all the counterterms for wave functions, fermion masses and the leptonic flavor mixing matrix are given. Furthermore, adopting the Euler-like parametrization of the 6&#8239;&#215;&#8239;6 unitary leptonic flavor mixing matrix, we derive one-loop renormalization-group equations for all the physical parameters in the <math altimg='si1.svg'><mover><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant='normal'>M</mi></mrow><mi>S</mi></mrow><mo stretchy='true'>&#8254;</mo></mover></math> scheme, including neutrino masses, mixing angles and CP-violating phases. The modification of the one-loop renormalization of the original SM parameters due to the presence of heavy Majorana neutrinos is investigated as well. In this way, we provide a self-consistent theoretical framework to thoroughly test the type-I seesaw model at the one-loop level with future precision data.

One-loop renormalization of the type-I seesaw model in the modified minimal-subtraction scheme

In this work, we emphasize that it is necessary to take into account one-loop corrections of 2.0% to the neutrino matter potential in the precision measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters and in the experimental searches for new physics beyond the Standard Model. With the numerical simulation of the DUNE experiment, we study how radiative corrections to the matter potential affect neutrino oscillation probabilities, and thus, the event rates in the presence of neutrino nonstandard interactions (NSIs). We find that neglecting one-loop corrections may lead to wrong conclusions for the discovery of NSIs. The implications for the determination of neutrino mass ordering and constraints on the NSI parameters in future long-baseline accelerator neutrino experiments are explored in a quantitative way.

Sweden

Tommy Ohlsson

Sampsa Vihonen

One-loop effects in the neutrino matter potential and implications for nonstandard interactions

In this paper, we continue to carry out the one-loop renormalization of the type-I seesaw model in the on-shell scheme. Different from the modified minimal-subtraction ( <math altimg='si1.svg'><mover><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant='normal'>M</mi></mrow><mi>S</mi></mrow><mo stretchy='true'>&#8254;</mo></mover></math>) scheme, such an investigation is mainly motivated by the fact that the on-shell scheme has been widely adopted in the renormalization of the standard electroweak theory and implemented for its precision tests. We first specify the physical parameters in the on-shell scheme, and then fix the corresponding counterterms through on-shell renormalization conditions. In the presence of massive Majorana neutrinos, we propose a practical method to determine gauge-independent counterterms for the lepton flavor mixing matrix. With the explicit counterterms in both the <math altimg='si1.svg'><mover><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant='normal'>M</mi></mrow><mi>S</mi></mrow><mo stretchy='true'>&#8254;</mo></mover></math> and on-shell schemes, we establish the matching relations of the electric charge, physical masses and flavor mixing matrix elements between these two schemes. Our results in the present and previous papers lay the foundation for precision calculations in the type-I seesaw model.

One-loop renormalization of the type-I seesaw model in the on-shell scheme

We present an investigation on cosmological implications resulting from spontaneous dark $ S U(2)_d $ symmetry breaking in conjunction with the Witten effect. Furthermore, we examine the mass of hidden monopoles generated by phase transition as well as the impact of axion-monopole interactions on the axion mass. Following spontaneous breaking of the PQ symmetry, axions emitted by cosmic strings or domain walls as well as hidden monopoles generated during this transition may collectively contribute to the observed dark matter relic density. Additionally, the stochastic gravitational wave background generated by sub-GeV phase transitions and by the decay of axionic domain walls formed during sub-ZeV phase transitions could account for the low-frequency gravitational wave signals detected by PTA experiments.

Ruiyu Zhou

Ligong Bian

Gravitational waves and dark matter with Witten effect * Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFC2203004). Ruiyu Zhou is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12305109, 12147102), Chongqing Natural Science Foundation project (CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0534), and Science and Technology Research Project of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission (KJQN202300614). Ligong Bian is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12322505, 12347101). Ligong Bian also acknowledges Chongqing Natural Science Foundation (CSTB2024NSCQ-JQX0022) and Chongqing Talents: Exceptional Young Talents Project (cstc2024ycjhbgzxm0020).