<p>We consider the thermodynamics of a color-confined phase of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and pure gauge theory within a string-inspired corresponding to a physical spatial dimension, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>d</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn></math>. We show that the physical mass spectrum of massive mesons—in both the strange and nonstrange sectors separately—is reasonably well described and extended by the exponential mass spectrum of open strings, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>ρ</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>m</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></math>, characterized by a unique Hagedorn temperature <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>H</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><msqrt><mrow><mn>3</mn><mi>σ</mi><mo>/</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>π</mi></mrow></msqrt></math>, expressed by the string tension <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>σ</mi></math>. This <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>H</mi></msub></math> is the value appropriate for <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>d</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>3</mn></math> spatial dimensions and is of the order of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>H</mi></mrow></msub><mo>∼</mo><mrow><mn>300</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mi>MeV</mi></mrow></mrow></math> for typical values of the string tension. It is much larger than the values of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>H</mi></msub></math> which have been phenomenologically extracted so far to describe the meson spectrum. Glueball states in pure gauge theory, modeled by closed strings, exhibit a similarly large Hagedorn temperature, highlighting a universal feature of the exponential spectrum. We further analyze the thermodynamic properties of the equation of state at finite temperature and demonstrate that, in the confined phase, the string models agree with lattice QCD results. This lends further support to the recent interpretation of the QCD phase diagram that incorporates strings as relevant degrees of freedom.</p>

Poland

Michał Marczenko

Hungary

Győző Kovács

United States

Larry McLerran

Krzysztof Redlich

String-based model with Hagedorn temperature of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>H</mi></msub><mo>∼</mo><mn>300</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mi>MeV</mi></math> describes the spectrum of mesons and glueballs

The detection by the Carpet-3 Group of a 300 TeV photon, observed 4536 seconds after the prompt emission of the historic gamma-ray burst GRB 221009A, provides unprecedented opportunities to test Lorentz invariance violation (LV) at energy scales approaching the Planck regime. By analyzing the temporal and spatial properties of this ultra-high-energy photon in conjunction with lower-energy photons from other bursts and the same burst, we demonstrate consistency with subluminal LV scenarios characterized by an energy scale <math altimg='si27.svg'><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant='normal'>L</mi></mrow><mi>V</mi></mrow></msub><mo>&#8764;</mo><mn>3</mn><mo linebreak='goodbreak'>&#215;</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>17</mn></msup><mspace width='0.16em' /><mrow><mi mathvariant='normal'>GeV</mi></mrow></mrow></math>. This work bridges multi-year LV studies using GeV-TeV photons and establishes GRB 221009A as a pivotal laboratory for quantum spacetime phenomenology.

China

Hanlin Song

Bo-Qiang Ma

Carpet-3 300 TeV photon event as an evidence for Lorentz violation

Study of canonical entropy in electron-proton interactions at <math><msqrt><mi>s</mi></msqrt><mo>=</mo><mn>300</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mi>GeV</mi></math> is presented. The precision data collected by the H1 experiment at the HERA in different ranges of invariant hadronic mass <math><mi>W</mi></math> and the squared four-momentum exchange <math><msup><mi>Q</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></math> in electron-proton <math><mo>(</mo><mi>e</mi><mi>p</mi><mo>)</mo></math> interactions have been analyzed in the ensemble theory approach. The canonical partition function relates to the multiplicity distribution which is often studied in collider experiments. We use the canonical ensemble partition function to explore the dynamics of hadron production in <math><mi>e</mi><mi>p</mi></math> interactions by devising different methods to find the entropic parameter and the collision temperature. The inverse slope of the transverse momentum spectrum of produced hadrons also relates to the temperature. In the recent past, the CMS, ATLAS, and ALICE experiments at the LHC have studied the charged hadron transverse momentum and particle distributions in proton-proton and proton-nucleus interactions by using the Tsallis function within this approach. A detailed investigation into the role of the system volume and relation amongst different dynamical parameters reveals interesting results.

India

Soumya Sarkar

R. Aggarwal

M. Kaur

Search for nonextensivity in electron-proton interactions at <math><msqrt><mi>s</mi></msqrt><mo>=</mo><mn>300</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mi>GeV</mi></math>

The identification of jets originating from quarks and gluons, often referred to as quark/gluon tagging, plays an important role in various analyses performed at the Large Hadron Collider, as Standard Model measurements and searches for new particles decaying to quarks often rely on suppressing a large gluon-induced background. This paper describes the measurement of the efficiencies of quark/gluon taggers developed within the ATLAS Collaboration, using $\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV proton–proton collision data with an integrated luminosity of 140 fb $^{-1}$ collected by the ATLAS experiment. Two taggers with high performances in rejecting jets from gluon over jets from quarks are studied: one tagger is based on requirements on the number of inner-detector tracks associated with the jet, and the other combines several jet substructure observables using a boosted decision tree. A method is established to determine the quark/gluon fraction in data, by using quark/gluon-enriched subsamples defined by the jet pseudorapidity. Differences in tagging efficiency between data and simulation are provided for jets with transverse momentum between 500 GeV and 2 TeV and for multiple tagger working points.

France

G. Aad

B. Abbott

Germany

K. Abeling

N.J. Abicht

S.H. Abidi

Morocco

A. Aboulhorma

Israel

H. Abramowicz

H. Abreu

Y. Abulaiti

Italy

United Kingdom

B.S. Acharya

C. Adam Bourdarios

L. Adamczyk

S.V. Addepalli

M.J. Addison

J. Adelman

A. Adiguzel

T. Adye

A.A. Affolder

Switzerland

Y. Afik

Spain

M.N. Agaras

J. Agarwala

A. Aggarwal

Romania

C. Agheorghiesei

A. Ahmad

Azerbaijan

F. Ahmadov

Canada

W.S. Ahmed

S. Ahuja

X. Ai

G. Aielli

A. Aikot

M. Ait Tamlihat

B. Aitbenchikh

I. Aizenberg

M. Akbiyik

Sweden

T.P.A. Åkesson

A.V. Akimov

Japan

D. Akiyama

N.N. Akolkar

K. Al Khoury

G.L. Alberghi

J. Albert

P. Albicocco

G.L. Albouy

S. Alderweireldt

M. Aleksa

I.N. Aleksandrov

C. Alexa

Greece

T. Alexopoulos

F. Alfonsi

M. Algren

M. Alhroob

Czechia

B. Ali

H.M.J. Ali

S. Ali

S.W. Alibocus

M. Aliev

G. Alimonti

W. Alkakhi

C. Allaire

B.M.M. Allbrooke

J.F. Allen

Chile

C.A. Allendes Flores

P.P. Allport

A. Aloisio

Argentina

F. Alonso

C. Alpigiani

M. Alvarez Estevez

A. Alvarez Fernandez

M. Alves Cardoso

M.G. Alviggi

M. Aly

Brazil

Y. Amaral Coutinho

A. Ambler

C. Amelung

M. Amerl

C.G. Ames

D. Amidei

Portugal

S.P. Amor Dos Santos

K.R. Amos

Norway

V. Ananiev

C. Anastopoulos

T. Andeen

J.K. Anders

S.Y. Andrean

A. Andreazza

S. Angelidakis

A. Angerami

A.V. Anisenkov

A. Annovi

C. Antel

M.T. Anthony

E. Antipov

M. Antonelli

F. Anulli

M. Aoki

T. Aoki

J.A. Aparisi Pozo

M.A. Aparo

L. Aperio Bella

C. Appelt

Performance and calibration of quark/gluon-jet taggers using 140 fb$^{−1}$ of $\textit{pp}$ collisions at ${{\sqrt{\boldsymbol s}\bf = 13}}$ TeV with the ATLAS detector * We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; ANID, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; Minciencias, Colombia; MEYS CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS and CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF and MPG, Germany; GSRI, Greece; RGC and Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MEiN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZŠ, Slovenia; DSI/NRF, South Africa; MICINN, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taipei; TENMAK, Türkiye; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, CANARIE, CRC and DRAC, Canada; PRIMUS 21/SCI/017 and UNCE SCI/013, Czech Republic; COST, ERC, ERDF, Horizon 2020, ICSC-Next Generation EU and Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex, Investissements d'Avenir Idex and ANR, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF and MINERVA, Israel; Norwegian Financial Mechanism 2014-2021, Norway; NCN and NAWA, Poland; La Caixa Banking Foundation, CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya and PROMETEO and GenT Programmes Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; Göran Gustafssons Stiftelse, Sweden; The Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom.

$^{232}$Th/$^{233}$U fuel cycle is an alternate candidate for future nuclear energy. Neutron-induced fission cross section of $^{232}$Th is one of the important nuclear data if using thorium as the fuel in the future. $^{232}$Th(n, f) cross sections from 1 to 300 MeV were measured at China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) Back-streaming neutron facility (Back-n) relative to $^{235}$U(n, f) and n-p scattering. A fast ionization chamber for fission cross section measurement (FIXM) and a proton recoil telescope (PRT) were used to perform the measurement. The neutron energy in this measurement reaches up to 300 MeV which is supposed to be the highest among the current Experimental Nuclear Reaction Data (EXFOR) library. It stands as the only experimental data in the region of 200-300 MeV in EXFOR as well. The experimental and evaluated data of $^{232}$Th(n, f) cross section above 60 MeV are scarce, the measurement data of this work will be valuable references for future evaluation in high energy. For the data below 60 MeV, most of our data are more consistent with ENDF/B-VIII.0, excepting in the region of 1-2 MeV where our data are more in favor of CENDL-3.2.

Yonghao Chen

Yiwei Yang

Zhizhou Ren

Wei Jiang

Ruirui Fan

Han Yi

Rong Liu

Jingyu Tang

Hantao Jing

Yang Li

Qiang Li

Zhixin Tan

Qi An

Jiangbo Bai

Jie Bao

Yu Bao

Ping Cao

Haolei Chen

Qiping Chen

Zhen Chen

Zengqi Cui

Changqing Feng

Keqing Gao

Xiaolong Gao

Minhao Gu

Changcai Han

Zijie Han

Guozhu He

Yongcheng He

Yang Hong

Yiwei Hu

Hanxiong Huang

Xiru Huang

Haoyu Jiang

Zhijie Jiang

Ling Kang

Bo Li

Chao Li

Jiawen Li

Xiao Li

Jie Liu

Shubin Liu

Xingyan Liu

Ze Long

Guangyuan Luan

Changjun Ning

Mengchen Niu

Binbin Qi

Jie Ren

Xichao Ruan

Zhaohui Song

Kang Sun

Zhijia Sun

Xinyi Tang

Binbin Tian

Lijiao Wang

Pengcheng Wang

Zhaohui Wang

Measurement of neutron-induced fission cross sections of Th from 1 to 300 MeV at CSNS Back-n