Understanding the source of the universe’s asymmetry between matter and antimatter is one of the major open questions in particle physics. In this work, the sensitivity of novel machine-learning-based inference techniques to <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>C</mi><mi>P</mi></math>-odd and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>C</mi><mi>P</mi></math>-even <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>H</mi><mi>W</mi><mi>W</mi></math> anomalous couplings is studied in the <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>W</mi><mi>H</mi><mo stretchy="false">→</mo><mo>ℓ</mo><mi>ν</mi><mi>b</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy="false">¯</mo></mover></math> channel (<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><mo>ℓ</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>e</mi><mo>,</mo><mrow><mi>μ</mi></mrow></mrow></math>), within the standard model effective field theory framework. Two machine-learning simulation-based inference (SBI) methods are explored: a per-event likelihood-ratio estimator, which directly approximates the ratio of probability densities between competing hypotheses, is benchmarked against a per-event optimal-observable estimator optimized for sensitivity to the parameters of interest. Both approaches are also compared to traditional summary statistics, in this case histograms of kinematic and angular observables, as commonly used in experimental analyses. SBI methods provide tighter constraints than one-dimensional summary statistics, though their performance is comparable to two-dimensional histogram analysis. The optimal-observable approach remains promising for its ability to probe multiple couplings simultaneously. Restricting the analysis to a region of high <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>S</mi><mo>/</mo><mi>B</mi></math> also enhances sensitivity to <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>C</mi><mi>P</mi></math>-odd operators while preserving sensitivity to <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>C</mi><mi>P</mi></math>-even operators, which histogram analyses often lose. Although the likelihood-ratio estimator sometimes struggles with likelihood minima and shapes, optimizations that target its robustness could make it more sensitive than both the optimal-observable estimator and the histogram method. These results underscore the potential of advanced simulation-based inference techniques, encouraging further exploration with LHC Run 3 data to surpass current ATLAS and CMS sensitivities.

Portugal

Marta Silva

Ricardo Barrué

Inês Ochoa

Patricia Conde Muíño

Searching for <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>H</mi><mi>W</mi><mi>W</mi></math> anomalous couplings with simulation-based inference

Building on the work of Gang, Kang, and Kim [ ], we propose 3D bulk dual field theories for 2D $$ \mathcal{N}=1 $$ supersymmetric minimal models $\textit{SM}$($\textit{P}$, $\textit{Q}$) and $\textit{W}$ algebra minimal models $\textit{W}$ ($\textit{P}$, $\textit{Q}$). We associate to $\textit{SM}$($\textit{P}$, $\textit{Q}$) a Seifert fibered space $\textit{S}$ (($\textit{P}$, $\textit{P}$ − $\textit{R}$), ($\textit{Q}$, $\textit{S}$), (3, 1)) with $\textit{PS}$ − $\textit{QR}$ = 2, and for $\textit{W}$ ($\textit{P}$, $\textit{Q}$) a Seifert fibered space $\textit{S}$ (($\textit{P}$, $\textit{P}$ − $\textit{R}$), ($\textit{Q}$, $\textit{S}$), ($\textit{N}$+1, −2$\textit{N}$ − 1)) with $\textit{PS}$ − $\textit{QR}$ = 1, and realize the bulk theory via the 3D-3D correspondence. For the unitary series, the bulk theory flows in the IR to a gapped phase which, under suitable boundary conditions, supports the unitary chiral minimal model on the boundary. For the non-unitary series, the bulk theory flows to the 3D $$ \mathcal{N}=4 $$ superconformal field theory whose topological twist yields a non-unitary topological field theory supporting the non-unitary chiral minimal model on the boundary under appropriate boundary conditions. We also propose UV gauge theory descriptions of the bulk theories obtained by gluing $\textit{T}$[SU($\textit{n}$)] building blocks. For $\textit{SM}$($\textit{P}$, $\textit{Q}$), we provide non-trivial consistency checks — matching between various bulk partition functions and boundary conformal data — while for $\textit{W}$ ($\textit{P}$, $\textit{Q}$), we present preliminary checks and leave further consistency checks for future work.

United States

South Korea

Seungjoo Baek

Heesu Kang

Non-hyperbolic 3-manifolds and bulk field theories for supersymmetric/$\textit{W}$

In this study, we investigate a scenario based on the effects of the Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG) on the electromagnetic sector of the Standard Model of Fundamental Interactions and Particle Physics (SM). Starting from a post-Maxwellian version of electromagnetism that includes LQG effects, we derive and discuss the influence of LQG parameters on classical quantities such as the components of the stress-tensor. Furthermore, we inspect the propagation of electromagnetic waves and examine the optical properties of the QED vacuum in this scenario. Among these, we contemplate the combined effect of the LQG parameters and a homogeneous background magnetic field on the propagation of electromagnetic waves by considering issues such as group velocities and refractive indices of the QED vacuum, in detail. Finally, with the aid of the previously analyzed LQG-extended photonic dispersion relations, we re-discuss the kinematics of the Compton effect and conclude that an interesting nonlinear profile emerges in the wavelengths of the incoming and deflected photons.

Brazil

P.A.L. Mourão

G.L.L.W. Levy

J.A. Helayël-Neto

Reassessing aspects of LQG-modified dispersion relations of photons * P. A. L. Mourão is support by CAPES. G. L. L. W. L. Levy is support by the Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Grant No. E-26/202.437/2024.

Inspired by the observation of the ${\eta}_{t}$ meson at the LHC and the promising prospect of the ${\eta}_{t}$ meson available at the approaching HL-LHC, branching ratios for the ${\eta}_{t}$ ${\to}$ $f\bar{f}$ , $gg$ , ${\gamma}{\gamma}$ , $W^{+}W^{-}$ , $Z^{0}Z^{0}$ , $Z^{0}{\gamma}$ , and $Z^{0}H$ decays are roughly estimated. It is found that tens of opposite-charge dilepton events from the ${\eta}_{t}$ ${\to}$ $W^{+}W^{-}$ decay and hundreds of events from the ${\eta}_{t}$ ${\to}$ $Z^{0}H$ ${\to}$ ${\ell}^{+}{\ell}^{-}H$ decay using the single $Z^{0}$ boson tagging method are expected to be accessible. This estimation provides a reference for future experimental study on the ${\eta}_{t}$ meson.

China

Yueling Yang

Bingbing Yang

Jiazhi Li

Zhaojie Lü

Junfeng Sun

Searching for the toponium ${{\boldsymbol\eta}_{\boldsymbol t}}$ with the ${{\boldsymbol\eta}_{\boldsymbol t}}$ ${\boldsymbol\to}$ ${{\boldsymbol W}^{\bf +}{\boldsymbol W}^{\bf -}}$ decay * Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (12275068, 12275067), the National Key R&D Program of China (2023YFA1606000), the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province (252300421491, 242300420250), and the Science and Technology R&D Program Joint Fund Project of Henan Province (225200810030), as well as the Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talent Support Program of Henan Province (254200510039)

One-loop contributions for the decay process $ H^{\pm} \rightarrow W^{\pm}Z $ within the Two-Higgs-Doublet Model (THDM) are computed in the general $ {\cal{R}}_{\xi} $ gauge, and its phenomenological applications at future muon–TeV colliders are investigated. Analytic results are confirmed by several consistency tests, including those of $\textit{ξ}$-independence, renormalization-scale stability, and the ultraviolet finiteness of the one-loop amplitude. We first perform an updated parameter scan of the Type-X THDM in phenomenological studies. The production of charged Higgs boson pairs at future muon–TeV colliders is then investigated through two processes: $ \mu^+\mu^- \rightarrow H^+H^- \rightarrow W^{\pm}W^{\mp}Zh $ and $ \mu^+\mu^- \rightarrow \gamma\gamma \rightarrow H^+H^- \rightarrow W^{\pm}W^{\mp}Zh $ . Both signal events and their significance are evaluated considering the corresponding Standard Model backgrounds. We find that the signal significances can exceed $ 5\sigma $ at several benchmark points in the viable parameter space of the Type-X THDM.

Vietnam

Dzung Tri Tran

Quang Hoang-Minh Pham

Khoa Ngo-Thanh Ho

Khiem Hong Phan

One-loop expressions for ${H^\pm \rightarrow W^\pm Z} $ and their implications at muon-TeV colliders * This research is funded by Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) (103.01-2023.16)

We construct, for the first time, new static non-extremal five-dimensional black hole solutions (without or with squashed horizons) endowing with four different electric charge parameters in the $\textit{D}$ = 5, $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 2 supergravity coupled to $\textit{three}$ vector multiplets with a specific pre-potential $$ \mathcal{V} $$ = $\textit{STU}$ – $\textit{W}$ $\textit{U}$ ≡ 1. When the fourth charge parameter disappears, the solution simplify reduces to the three-charge static black hole solution previously presented in ref. [1], which belongs to the solution to the $\textit{D}$ = 5, $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 2 supergravity coupled to $\textit{two}$ vector multiplets (also notably known as the $\textit{STU}$ model). We parameterize the model in such a simple fashion that not only can one easily recover the static three-charge solution but also it is very convenient to study their thermodynamical properties of the obtained black hole solutions in the case without a squashing horizon. We then show that the thermodynamical quantities perfectly obey both the differential first law and integral Smarr formula of thermodynamics. Finally, we also extend to present its generalizations with squashed horizons or including a nonzero cosmological constant.

Di Wu

Shuang-Qing Wu

Four-charge static non-extremal black holes in the five-dimensional $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 2, $\textit{STU}$ − $\textit{W}$

In this paper, we investigate thermodynamical aspects of a novel static non-extremal black hole solution in the five-dimensional anti-de Sitter (AdS) space carrying four independent electric charge parameters and with a negative cosmological constant, within the framework of $$D=5$$ , $$\mathcal {N}= 2$$ gauged supergravity coupled to three vector multiplets specified by the pre-potential $$\mathcal {V}= STU -W^2U \equiv 1$$ . A central outcome of our work is the demonstration that the thermodynamics of this solution consistently satisfies both the differential and integral forms of the mass formulae of black hole thermodynamics. When the fourth charge is set to zero, our configuration reduces to the known three-charge static non-extremal AdS $$_5$$ black hole within the gauged $\textit{STU}$ model, and its thermodynamic behavior connects smoothly to that limit. Finally, we also provide a brief discussion about topological classifications of its thermodynamics.

Thermodynamics and topological classifications of static non-extremal four-charge AdS black hole in the five-dimensional $$\mathcal {N}= 2$$ , $$STU-W^2U$$ gauged supergravity

The first observation of single top quark production in association with a <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>W</mi></math> and a <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>Z</mi></math> boson in proton-proton collisions is reported. The analysis uses data at center-of-mass energies of 13 and 13.6 TeV recorded with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC, corresponding to a total integrated luminosity of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mn>200</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><msup><mi>fb</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup></math>. Events with three or four charged leptons, which can be electrons or muons, are selected. Advanced machine-learning algorithms and improved reconstruction methods, compared to an earlier analysis, result in an unprecedented sensitivity to <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>t</mi><mi>W</mi><mi>Z</mi></math> production. The measured cross sections for <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>t</mi><mi>W</mi><mi>Z</mi></math> production are <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mn>248</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>52</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mi>fb</mi></math> and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mn>242</mn><mo>±</mo><mn>77</mn><mtext> </mtext><mtext> </mtext><mi>fb</mi></math> for <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><msqrt><mi>s</mi></msqrt><mo>=</mo><mn>13</mn></math> and 13.6 TeV, respectively. The signal is established with a statistical significance of 5.8 standard deviations, with 3.5 expected, compared to the background-only hypothesis.

Armenia

A. Hayrapetyan

V. Makarenko

A. Tumasyan

Austria

W. Adam

J.W. Andrejkovic

L. Benato

T. Bergauer

M. Dragicevic

C. Giordano

P.S. Hussain

M. Jeitler

N. Krammer

A. Li

D. Liko

M. Matthewman

I. Mikulec

J. Schieck

R. Schöfbeck

D. Schwarz

M. Shooshtari

M. Sonawane

W. Waltenberger

C.E. Wulz

Belgium

T. Janssen

H. Kwon

D. Ocampo Henao

T. Van Laer

P. Van Mechelen

J. Bierkens

N. Breugelmans

J. D’Hondt

S. Dansana

A. De Moor

M. Delcourt

F. Heyen

Y. Hong

P. Kashko

S. Lowette

I. Makarenko

D. Müller

J. Song

S. Tavernier

M. Tytgat

G.P. Van Onsem

S. Van Putte

D. Vannerom

B. Bilin

B. Clerbaux

A.K. Das

I. De Bruyn

G. De Lentdecker

H. Evard

L. Favart

P. Gianneios

A. Khalilzadeh

F.A. Khan

A. Malara

M.A. Shahzad

L. Thomas

M. Vanden Bemden

C. Vander Velde

P. Vanlaer

F. Zhang

M. De Coen

D. Dobur

G. Gokbulut

J. Knolle

D. Marckx

K. Skovpen

N. Van Den Bossche

J. van der Linden

J. Vandenbroeck

L. Wezenbeek

S. Bein

A. Benecke

A. Bethani

G. Bruno

A. Cappati

J. De Favereau De Jeneret

C. Delaere

A. Giammanco

A.O. Guzel

V. Lemaitre

J. Lidrych

P. Malek

P. Mastrapasqua

S. Turkcapar

G.A. Alves

M. Barroso Ferreira Filho

E. Coelho

C. Hensel

T. Menezes De Oliveira

C. Mora Herrera

P. Rebello Teles

M. Soeiro

E.J. Tonelli Manganote

A. Vilela Pereira

W.L. Aldá Júnior

H. Brandao Malbouisson

W. Carvalho

Observation of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mrow><mi>t</mi><mi>W</mi><mi>Z</mi></mrow></math> Production at the CMS Experiment

Pursuing our analysis of the companion Letter, [Celestial symmetries of black hole horizons, <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/gx7p-8k34">Phys. Rev. D 113, L041504 (2026)</a>.], we study the gravitational solution space around a null hypersurface in the bulk of spacetime, such as a black hole or a cosmological horizon. We discuss the corresponding characteristic initial value problem both in the metric and Newman-Penrose formalisms and establish an explicit dictionary between the two. This allows us to identify Weyl-covariant structures in the solution space, including hierarchies of recursion relations encoding the flux-balance laws. We then establish a correspondence between the gravitational phase space at null infinity and the subleading phase space around the null hypersurface at finite distance. This connection is naturally formulated within the Newman-Penrose formalism by performing a partially off-shell conformal compactification and identifying the analog of the Ashtekar-Streubel symplectic structure in the radial expansion near the null hypersurface. Using this framework, we identify the celestial <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>L</mi><msub><mi>w</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mi>∞</mi></mrow></msub></math> symmetries in the subleading phase space at finite distance by constructing their canonical generators and imposing self-duality conditions. This allows us to define a notion of covariant radiation, whose absence gives rise to an infinite tower of conserved charges, revealing physical quantities relevant to observers near black hole or cosmological horizons. As a concrete illustration, we consider the case of the self-dual Taub-Newman-Unti-Tamburino black hole.

Romain Ruzziconi

Canada

France

Céline Zwikel

Celestial <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mi>L</mi><msub><mi>w</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mi>∞</mi></mrow></msub></math> symmetries and subleading phase space of null hypersurfaces

We study Carrollian contractions of $\textit{W}$ -algebras from a free-field perspective. Using a contraction of the Miura transformation, we obtain explicit free-field realizations of the resulting Carrollian $\textit{W}$ -algebras. At the classical level, they are isomorphic to the Galilean $\textit{W}$ -algebras. In the quantum case, we distinguish between two Carrollian constructions: a flipped Carrollian contraction, where the time direction is reversed in one sector, and a symmetric contraction. The flipped construction yields a quantum algebra isomorphic to the Galilean one, whereas the symmetric construction produces a distinct quantum Carrollian $\textit{W}$ -algebra whose basic structure constants are identical to those of the classical Carrollian $\textit{W}$ -algebra. These algebras provide a natural framework for studying extended symmetries in Carrollian conformal field theories, motivated by recent developments in flat space holography. Our construction provides tools for developing the representation theory of Carrollian (and Galilean) $\textit{W}$ -algebras using free-field techniques.

Stefan Fredenhagen

Lucas Hörl

Free-field construction of Carrollian $\textit{W}$